Minor: Add tests for types of arithmetic operator output types #14250
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Which issue does this PR close?
Rationale for this change
While reviewing #14223 I misinterpreted the impact of a change.
@jonahgao straightened me out in https://github.com/apache/datafusion/pull/14223/files#r1926245243 and had a good suggestion of how to test the behavior (don't overly extend the output types)
So let's add some tests to automatically ensure the coercion is working correctly
What changes are included in this PR?
Add tests that show the output type of arithmetic operations with different input types
Are these changes tested?
It is only tests, no behavior change
Are there any user-facing changes?