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49 changes: 24 additions & 25 deletions 01_the_r_environment.qmd
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# The **[R]{.sans-serif}** *Environment*
# The R *Environment*

**[R]{.sans-serif}** is an environment for statistical
modeling and graphics. The word *environment* instead of *package* is one of
the main reasons **[R]{.sans-serif}** is distinct from other statistical
programs. A *package* only gives us a fixed set of tools. An *environment*
modeling and graphics. That it is an *environment* instead of a *package* is one of the main reasons **[R]{.sans-serif}** is distinct from other statistical
programs. A package only gives us a fixed set of tools. An environment
allows us to modify, combine and even create tools to suit our specific needs.

## Why becoming a use**[R]{.sans-serif}**?
## Why becoming a useR?

### Price (\$0) and availability

**[R]{.sans-serif}** is free---as in "no money required"---and it runs on
Windows, MacOS, and several Unix platforms.

### Easy and cool graphics

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -39,29 +43,29 @@ full-fledged programming language that allows users to write their own
functions. Also, all of **[R]{.sans-serif}**'s code is open source, which means
that everyone can examine it and contribute to it. So, users constantly publish
their own "packages" (ready-to-use tools), which expand **[R]{.sans-serif}**'s
base capabilities.

As of March 2019, users have contributed over 13,700 packages to Comprehensive **[R]{.sans-serif}** Archive Network (CRAN). Many of these packages
are for complex statistical routines that are not (and may never be) available
in other statistical software systems.
base capabilities. As of March 2019, users have contributed over 13,700 packages
to Comprehensive **[R]{.sans-serif}** Archive Network (CRAN). Many of these
packages perform complex statistical routines that are not (and may never be)
available in other statistical software systems.

### Flexible interfaces

**[R]{.sans-serif}** runs on Windows, MacOS, and a variety of Unix platforms. In
Windows, there are several ways to use **[R]{.sans-serif}**. The standard **[R]{.sans-serif}** graphical unit interface (GUI) allows you to point and click to do many basic tasks. Another GUI is [**[R]{.sans-serif}** Commander](https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Misc/Rcmdr/), developed by John Fox
at McMaster University. **[R]{.sans-serif}** Commander displays the underlying
**[R]{.sans-serif}** code for each analysis to help the user learn the
programming language. [Tinn-**[R]{.sans-serif}**](http://sourceforge.net/projects/tinn-r/) is another GUI from Jose
Claudio Faria.
In Windows, there are several ways to use **[R]{.sans-serif}**. The standard
**[R]{.sans-serif}** graphical unit interface (GUI) allows you to point and
click to do many basic tasks. Another GUI is [**[R]{.sans-serif}**
Commander](https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Misc/Rcmdr/), developed by
John Fox at McMaster University. **[R]{.sans-serif}** Commander displays the
underlying **[R]{.sans-serif}** code for each analysis to help the user learn
the programming language. [Tinn-**[R]{.sans-serif}**](http://sourceforge.net/projects/tinn-r/) is another
GUI from Jose Claudio Faria.

These GUIs are friendly and easy to grasp if you're a beginner. But to use all of **[R]{.sans-serif}**'s capabilities you will need to do more than point and click.

A more complete way of using **[R]{.sans-serif}** is through an integrated development environment (IDE), which, in short, helps you code. The most popular IDE for **[R]{.sans-serif}** is [**[R]{.sans-serif}**Studio](https://www.posit.com), which organizes the
user's screen into panes that display scripts, objects, graphics, and
the **[R]{.sans-serif}** console.

In these notes, we will use the standard **[R]{.sans-serif}** GUI a little and
**[R]{.sans-serif}**Studio a lot. The goal is for you to start using **[R]{.sans-serif}** to its full potential.
In these notes, we will use **[R]{.sans-serif}**Studio a lot. The goal is for you to start taking full advantage of **[R]{.sans-serif}**'s capabilities.

<!--
Expand All @@ -73,11 +77,6 @@ original analysis and to investigate other approaches.
-->


### Price (\$0)

**[R]{.sans-serif}** is free, as in "you don't have to give money to get
it".

## Why Isn't Everyone a Use**[R]{.sans-serif}**?

### One and Only
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -107,8 +106,8 @@ But don't get frustrated! You don't have to be an expert programmer to use
the code. You won't break **[R]{.sans-serif}**. You'll see many examples in
this workshop but there is much more online.
- Don't worry about getting errors. Experienced **[R]{.sans-serif}** users
make errors all the time. Base **[R]{.sans-serif}** has excellent error
messages that are good learning opportunities themselves.
make errors all the time. Besides, you can learn a lot from error
messages.
- Some useful links are:
- <https://www.r-project.org>: The **[R]{.sans-serif}** Home page, the
central webpage for the **[R]{.sans-serif}** project. Here you will find
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