diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index 1799fc43..9bec6407 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -23,8 +23,10 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           npm install -g bbup
           bbup -nv 1.0.0-beta.0
+
           sudo apt install libc++-dev
 
+
       - name: Build Noir benchmark programs
         run: nargo export
 
@@ -47,3 +49,4 @@ jobs:
           # delete the comment in case changes no longer impact circuit sizes
           delete: ${{ !steps.gates_diff.outputs.markdown }}
           message: ${{ steps.gates_diff.outputs.markdown }}
+
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index 98590389..df39c9f9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ jobs:
         run: nargo test
 
   format:
+    needs: [noir-version-list]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout sources
diff --git a/Nargo.toml b/Nargo.toml
index 1c3c348f..337a2e09 100644
--- a/Nargo.toml
+++ b/Nargo.toml
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 name = "bignum"
 type = "lib"
 authors = [""]
-compiler_version = ">=1.0.0"
+compiler_version = ">=0.36.0"
 
 [dependencies]
diff --git a/src/bignum.nr b/src/bignum.nr
index c723f090..3489308c 100644
--- a/src/bignum.nr
+++ b/src/bignum.nr
@@ -24,39 +24,39 @@ pub struct BigNum<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32, Params> {
 pub trait BigNumTrait: Neg + Add + Sub + Mul + Div + Eq {
     // TODO: this crashes the compiler? v0.32
     // fn default() -> Self { std::default::Default::default  () }
-    pub fn new() -> Self;
-    pub fn one() -> Self;
-    pub fn derive_from_seed<let SeedBytes: u32>(seed: [u8; SeedBytes]) -> Self;
-    pub unconstrained fn __derive_from_seed<let SeedBytes: u32>(seed: [u8; SeedBytes]) -> Self;
-    pub fn from_slice(limbs: [Field]) -> Self;
-    pub fn from_be_bytes<let NBytes: u32>(x: [u8; NBytes]) -> Self;
-    pub fn to_le_bytes<let NBytes: u32>(self) -> [u8; NBytes];
-
-    pub fn modulus() -> Self;
-    pub fn modulus_bits(self) -> u32;
-    pub fn num_limbs(self) -> u32;
-    pub fn get_limbs_slice(self) -> [Field];
-    pub fn get_limb(self, idx: u32) -> Field;
-    pub fn set_limb(&mut self, idx: u32, value: Field);
-
-    pub unconstrained fn __eq(self, other: Self) -> bool;
-    pub unconstrained fn __is_zero(self) -> bool;
-
-    pub unconstrained fn __neg(self) -> Self;
-    pub unconstrained fn __add(self, other: Self) -> Self;
-    pub unconstrained fn __sub(self, other: Self) -> Self;
-    pub unconstrained fn __mul(self, other: Self) -> Self;
-    pub unconstrained fn __div(self, other: Self) -> Self;
-    pub unconstrained fn __udiv_mod(self, divisor: Self) -> (Self, Self);
-    pub unconstrained fn __invmod(self) -> Self;
-    pub unconstrained fn __pow(self, exponent: Self) -> Self;
-
-    pub unconstrained fn __batch_invert<let M: u32>(to_invert: [Self; M]) -> [Self; M];
-    pub unconstrained fn __batch_invert_slice<let M: u32>(to_invert: [Self]) -> [Self];
-
-    pub unconstrained fn __tonelli_shanks_sqrt(self) -> std::option::Option<Self>;
-
-    pub unconstrained fn __compute_quadratic_expression<let LHS_N: u32, let RHS_N: u32, let NUM_PRODUCTS: u32, let ADD_N: u32>(
+    fn new() -> Self;
+    fn one() -> Self;
+    fn derive_from_seed<let SeedBytes: u32>(seed: [u8; SeedBytes]) -> Self;
+    unconstrained fn __derive_from_seed<let SeedBytes: u32>(seed: [u8; SeedBytes]) -> Self;
+    fn from_slice(limbs: [Field]) -> Self;
+    fn from_be_bytes<let NBytes: u32>(x: [u8; NBytes]) -> Self;
+    fn to_le_bytes<let NBytes: u32>(self) -> [u8; NBytes];
+
+    fn modulus() -> Self;
+    fn modulus_bits(self) -> u32;
+    fn num_limbs(self) -> u32;
+    fn get_limbs_slice(self) -> [Field];
+    fn get_limb(self, idx: u32) -> Field;
+    fn set_limb(&mut self, idx: u32, value: Field);
+
+    unconstrained fn __eq(self, other: Self) -> bool;
+    unconstrained fn __is_zero(self) -> bool;
+
+    unconstrained fn __neg(self) -> Self;
+    unconstrained fn __add(self, other: Self) -> Self;
+    unconstrained fn __sub(self, other: Self) -> Self;
+    unconstrained fn __mul(self, other: Self) -> Self;
+    unconstrained fn __div(self, other: Self) -> Self;
+    unconstrained fn __udiv_mod(self, divisor: Self) -> (Self, Self);
+    unconstrained fn __invmod(self) -> Self;
+    unconstrained fn __pow(self, exponent: Self) -> Self;
+
+    unconstrained fn __batch_invert<let M: u32>(to_invert: [Self; M]) -> [Self; M];
+    unconstrained fn __batch_invert_slice<let M: u32>(to_invert: [Self]) -> [Self];
+
+    unconstrained fn __tonelli_shanks_sqrt(self) -> std::option::Option<Self>;
+
+    unconstrained fn __compute_quadratic_expression<let LHS_N: u32, let RHS_N: u32, let NUM_PRODUCTS: u32, let ADD_N: u32>(
         lhs: [[Self; LHS_N]; NUM_PRODUCTS],
         lhs_flags: [[bool; LHS_N]; NUM_PRODUCTS],
         rhs: [[Self; RHS_N]; NUM_PRODUCTS],
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pub trait BigNumTrait: Neg + Add + Sub + Mul + Div + Eq {
         add_flags: [bool; ADD_N],
     ) -> (Self, Self);
 
-    pub fn evaluate_quadratic_expression<let LHS_N: u32, let RHS_N: u32, let NUM_PRODUCTS: u32, let ADD_N: u32>(
+    fn evaluate_quadratic_expression<let LHS_N: u32, let RHS_N: u32, let NUM_PRODUCTS: u32, let ADD_N: u32>(
         lhs: [[Self; LHS_N]; NUM_PRODUCTS],
         lhs_flags: [[bool; LHS_N]; NUM_PRODUCTS],
         rhs: [[Self; RHS_N]; NUM_PRODUCTS],
@@ -74,15 +74,15 @@ pub trait BigNumTrait: Neg + Add + Sub + Mul + Div + Eq {
         add_flags: [bool; ADD_N],
     );
 
-    pub fn assert_is_not_equal(self, other: Self);
-    pub fn validate_in_range(self);
-    pub fn validate_in_field(self);
+    fn assert_is_not_equal(self, other: Self);
+    fn validate_in_range(self);
+    fn validate_in_field(self);
 
-    pub fn udiv_mod(self, divisor: Self) -> (Self, Self);
-    pub fn udiv(self, divisor: Self) -> Self;
-    pub fn umod(self, divisor: Self) -> Self;
+    fn udiv_mod(self, divisor: Self) -> (Self, Self);
+    fn udiv(self, divisor: Self) -> Self;
+    fn umod(self, divisor: Self) -> Self;
 
-    pub fn conditional_select(lhs: Self, rhs: Self, predicate: bool) -> Self;
+    fn conditional_select(lhs: Self, rhs: Self, predicate: bool) -> Self;
 }
 
 impl<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32, Params> std::convert::From<Field> for BigNum<N, MOD_BITS, Params>
diff --git a/src/fns/constrained_ops.nr b/src/fns/constrained_ops.nr
index fcdf2147..7b038cd4 100644
--- a/src/fns/constrained_ops.nr
+++ b/src/fns/constrained_ops.nr
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::fns::{
     expressions::evaluate_quadratic_expression,
     unconstrained_helpers::{
         __add_with_flags, __from_field, __neg_with_flags, __sub_with_flags, __validate_gt_remainder,
-        __validate_in_field_compute_borrow_flags,
+        __validate_in_field_compute_borrow_flags, __validate_in_grumpkin_compute_borrow_flags,
     },
     unconstrained_ops::{__div, __mul, __udiv_mod},
 };
@@ -45,18 +45,18 @@ pub(crate) fn from_field<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32>(
         grumpkin_modulus[0] = 0x33e84879b9709143e1f593f0000001;
         grumpkin_modulus[1] = 0x4e72e131a029b85045b68181585d28;
         grumpkin_modulus[2] = 0x3064;
-        validate_gt::<N, 254>(grumpkin_modulus, result);
+        validate_gt::<N, MOD_BITS>(grumpkin_modulus, result);
         // validate that the limbs are in range
-        validate_in_range::<N, 254>(result);
+        validate_in_range::<N, MOD_BITS>(result);
     }
     // validate the limbs sum up to the field value
     let field_val = if N < 2 {
         result[0]
     } else if N == 2 {
-        validate_in_range::<N, 254>(result);
+        validate_in_range::<N, MOD_BITS>(result);
         result[0] + result[1] * TWO_POW_120
     } else {
-        validate_in_range::<N, 254>(result);
+        validate_in_range::<N, MOD_BITS>(result);
         result[0] + result[1] * TWO_POW_120 + result[2] * TWO_POW_120 * TWO_POW_120
     };
     assert(field_val == field);
@@ -267,6 +267,30 @@ pub(crate) fn validate_in_field<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32>(
     validate_in_range::<_, MOD_BITS>(compare);
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn validate_in_grumpkin<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32>(limbs: [Field; N]) {
+    // N.B. need to combine with validate_in_range if `self` limbs have not been range constrained
+    let mut grumpkin_modulus = [0; N];
+    grumpkin_modulus[0] = 0x33e84879b9709143e1f593f0000001;
+    grumpkin_modulus[1] = 0x4e72e131a029b85045b68181585d28;
+    grumpkin_modulus[2] = 0x3064;
+
+    let mut p_grumpkin_minus_self: [Field; N] = [0; N];
+    for i in 0..N {
+        p_grumpkin_minus_self[i] = grumpkin_modulus[i] - limbs[i];
+    }
+    let borrow_flags = unsafe { __validate_in_grumpkin_compute_borrow_flags(limbs) };
+    let two_pow_120: Field = 0x1000000000000000000000000000000;
+    p_grumpkin_minus_self[0] += borrow_flags[0] as Field * two_pow_120;
+    for i in 1..N - 1 {
+        p_grumpkin_minus_self[i] +=
+            (borrow_flags[i] as Field * two_pow_120 - borrow_flags[i - 1] as Field);
+    }
+    p_grumpkin_minus_self[N - 1] -= borrow_flags[N - 2] as Field;
+    let mut compare = limbs;
+    compare = p_grumpkin_minus_self;
+    validate_in_range::<_, MOD_BITS>(compare);
+}
+
 /**
 * @brief Validate a BigNum instance is correctly range constrained to contain no more than Params::modulus_bits()
 **/
diff --git a/src/fns/unconstrained_helpers.nr b/src/fns/unconstrained_helpers.nr
index c900958a..07afcda0 100644
--- a/src/fns/unconstrained_helpers.nr
+++ b/src/fns/unconstrained_helpers.nr
@@ -38,6 +38,21 @@ pub(crate) unconstrained fn __validate_in_field_compute_borrow_flags<let N: u32,
     flags
 }
 
+pub(crate) unconstrained fn __validate_in_grumpkin_compute_borrow_flags<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32>(
+    val: [Field; N],
+) -> [bool; N] {
+    let mut flags: [bool; N] = [false; N];
+    let mut grumpkin_modulus = [0; N];
+    grumpkin_modulus[0] = 0x33e84879b9709143e1f593f0000001;
+    grumpkin_modulus[1] = 0x4e72e131a029b85045b68181585d28;
+    grumpkin_modulus[2] = 0x3064;
+    flags[0] = grumpkin_modulus[0].lt(val[0]);
+    for i in 1..N - 1 {
+        flags[i] = grumpkin_modulus[i].lt(val[i] + flags[i - 1] as Field);
+    }
+    flags
+}
+
 pub(crate) unconstrained fn __validate_gt_remainder<let N: u32>(
     lhs: [Field; N],
     rhs: [Field; N],
diff --git a/src/params.nr b/src/params.nr
index f5beb504..aab9d9f2 100644
--- a/src/params.nr
+++ b/src/params.nr
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub struct BigNumParams<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32> {
 
 // To be implemented by the user for any BigNum they define, or within the predefined BigNums in the `fields/` dir.
 pub trait BigNumParamsGetter<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32> {
-    pub fn get_params() -> BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>;
+    fn get_params() -> BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>;
 }
 
 impl<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32> BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS> {
diff --git a/src/runtime_bignum.nr b/src/runtime_bignum.nr
index 64d48461..ce050383 100644
--- a/src/runtime_bignum.nr
+++ b/src/runtime_bignum.nr
@@ -25,61 +25,58 @@ impl<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32> RuntimeBigNum<N, MOD_BITS> {}
 // All functions prefixed `__` are unconstrained!
 // They're not actually decorated as `unconstrained` because to return the `params` (as part of Self) from an `unconstrained` fn would cause range constraints. Instead, each `__` fn wraps a call to an unconstrained fn, so that the already-range-constrained `params` can be inserted into Self after the unconstrained call.
 pub(crate) trait RuntimeBigNumTrait<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32>: Neg + Add + Sub + Mul + Div + Eq {
-    pub fn new(params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>) -> Self;
-    pub fn one(params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>) -> Self;
-    pub fn derive_from_seed<let SeedBytes: u32>(
+    fn new(params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>) -> Self;
+    fn one(params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>) -> Self;
+    fn derive_from_seed<let SeedBytes: u32>(
         params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>,
         seed: [u8; SeedBytes],
     ) -> Self;
-    pub unconstrained fn __derive_from_seed<let SeedBytes: u32>(
+    unconstrained fn __derive_from_seed<let SeedBytes: u32>(
         params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>,
         seed: [u8; SeedBytes],
     ) -> Self;
-    pub fn from_slice(params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>, limbs: [Field]) -> Self;
-    pub fn from_array(params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>, limbs: [Field; N]) -> Self;
-    pub fn from_be_bytes<let NBytes: u32>(
-        params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>,
-        x: [u8; NBytes],
-    ) -> Self;
+    fn from_slice(params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>, limbs: [Field]) -> Self;
+    fn from_array(params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>, limbs: [Field; N]) -> Self;
+    fn from_be_bytes<let NBytes: u32>(params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>, x: [u8; NBytes]) -> Self;
 
-    pub fn to_le_bytes<let NBytes: u32>(self) -> [u8; NBytes];
+    fn to_le_bytes<let NBytes: u32>(self) -> [u8; NBytes];
 
-    pub fn modulus(self) -> Self;
-    pub fn modulus_bits() -> u32;
-    pub fn num_limbs() -> u32;
+    fn modulus(self) -> Self;
+    fn modulus_bits() -> u32;
+    fn num_limbs() -> u32;
     // pub fn get(self) -> [Field];
-    pub fn get_limbs(self) -> [Field; N];
-    pub fn get_limb(self, idx: u32) -> Field;
-    pub fn set_limb(&mut self, idx: u32, value: Field);
+    fn get_limbs(self) -> [Field; N];
+    fn get_limb(self, idx: u32) -> Field;
+    fn set_limb(&mut self, idx: u32, value: Field);
 
     unconstrained fn __eq(self, other: Self) -> bool;
     unconstrained fn __is_zero(self) -> bool;
 
     // unconstrained
-    pub fn __neg(self) -> Self;
+    fn __neg(self) -> Self;
     // unconstrained
-    pub fn __add(self, other: Self) -> Self;
+    fn __add(self, other: Self) -> Self;
     // unconstrained
-    pub fn __sub(self, other: Self) -> Self;
+    fn __sub(self, other: Self) -> Self;
     // unconstrained
-    pub fn __mul(self, other: Self) -> Self;
+    fn __mul(self, other: Self) -> Self;
     // unconstrained
-    pub fn __div(self, other: Self) -> Self;
+    fn __div(self, other: Self) -> Self;
     // unconstrained
-    pub fn __udiv_mod(self, divisor: Self) -> (Self, Self);
+    fn __udiv_mod(self, divisor: Self) -> (Self, Self);
     // unconstrained
-    pub fn __invmod(self) -> Self;
+    fn __invmod(self) -> Self;
     // unconstrained
-    pub fn __pow(self, exponent: Self) -> Self;
+    fn __pow(self, exponent: Self) -> Self;
 
     // unconstrained
-    pub fn __batch_invert<let M: u32>(x: [Self; M]) -> [Self; M];
+    fn __batch_invert<let M: u32>(x: [Self; M]) -> [Self; M];
     unconstrained fn __batch_invert_slice<let M: u32>(to_invert: [Self]) -> [Self];
 
-    pub fn __tonelli_shanks_sqrt(self) -> std::option::Option<Self>;
+    fn __tonelli_shanks_sqrt(self) -> std::option::Option<Self>;
 
     // unconstrained
-    pub fn __compute_quadratic_expression<let LHS_N: u32, let RHS_N: u32, let NUM_PRODUCTS: u32, let ADD_N: u32>(
+    fn __compute_quadratic_expression<let LHS_N: u32, let RHS_N: u32, let NUM_PRODUCTS: u32, let ADD_N: u32>(
         params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>,
         lhs_terms: [[Self; LHS_N]; NUM_PRODUCTS],
         lhs_flags: [[bool; LHS_N]; NUM_PRODUCTS],
@@ -89,7 +86,7 @@ pub(crate) trait RuntimeBigNumTrait<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32>: Neg + Add +
         linear_flags: [bool; ADD_N],
     ) -> (Self, Self);
 
-    pub fn evaluate_quadratic_expression<let LHS_N: u32, let RHS_N: u32, let NUM_PRODUCTS: u32, let ADD_N: u32>(
+    fn evaluate_quadratic_expression<let LHS_N: u32, let RHS_N: u32, let NUM_PRODUCTS: u32, let ADD_N: u32>(
         params: BigNumParams<N, MOD_BITS>,
         lhs_terms: [[Self; LHS_N]; NUM_PRODUCTS],
         lhs_flags: [[bool; LHS_N]; NUM_PRODUCTS],
@@ -99,19 +96,19 @@ pub(crate) trait RuntimeBigNumTrait<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32>: Neg + Add +
         linear_flags: [bool; ADD_N],
     );
 
-    pub fn eq(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> bool {
+    fn eq(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> bool {
         lhs == rhs
     }
-    pub fn assert_is_not_equal(self, other: Self);
-    pub fn validate_in_field(self);
-    pub fn validate_in_range(self);
+    fn assert_is_not_equal(self, other: Self);
+    fn validate_in_field(self);
+    fn validate_in_range(self);
     // pub fn validate_gt(self, lhs: Self, rhs: Self);
 
-    pub fn udiv_mod(numerator: Self, divisor: Self) -> (Self, Self);
-    pub fn udiv(numerator: Self, divisor: Self) -> Self;
-    pub fn umod(numerator: Self, divisor: Self) -> Self;
+    fn udiv_mod(numerator: Self, divisor: Self) -> (Self, Self);
+    fn udiv(numerator: Self, divisor: Self) -> Self;
+    fn umod(numerator: Self, divisor: Self) -> Self;
 
-    pub fn conditional_select(lhs: Self, rhs: Self, predicate: bool) -> Self;
+    fn conditional_select(lhs: Self, rhs: Self, predicate: bool) -> Self;
 }
 
 impl<let N: u32, let MOD_BITS: u32> Neg for RuntimeBigNum<N, MOD_BITS> {
diff --git a/src/tests/bignum_test.nr b/src/tests/bignum_test.nr
index bc00bda5..2a4ba115 100644
--- a/src/tests/bignum_test.nr
+++ b/src/tests/bignum_test.nr
@@ -815,3 +815,4 @@ fn test_from_field_3_digits() {
     };
     assert(result == expected);
 }
+