Cover.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Load noTeXbook theme extension\n",
    "%load_ext notexbook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
       "    /*\n",
       "Author: Valerio Maggio < @leriomaggio >\n",
       "Code: https://github.com/leriomaggio/notexbook-jupyter-theme\n",
       "License: Apache License 2.0\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "/*\n",
       "Author: Valerio Maggio < @leriomaggio >\n",
       "Code: https://github.com/leriomaggio/notexbook-jupyter-theme\n",
       "License: Apache License 2.0\n",
       "\n",
       " ======================================================\n",
       "                         FONTS\n",
       "\n",
       "    FONT WEIGHT MAP:\n",
       "    ----------------\n",
       "    100: Ultra Light\n",
       "    200: Thin\n",
       "    300: Light\n",
       "    400: Regular (normal)\n",
       "    500: Medium\n",
       "    600: Semi-bold\n",
       "    700: Bold\n",
       "    800: Heavy\n",
       "    900: Black\n",
       "\n",
       "    Font faces:\n",
       "        - ====================================|=======================\n",
       "        -              Scope                  | Font Family Name\n",
       "        - ====================================| ======================\n",
       "        - Markdown Display (Computer Modern)    (CMU Serif)\n",
       "        - Markdown Display monospace            (CMU Typewriter Text)\n",
       "        - Markdown Edit    monospace            (Hack)\n",
       "        - Source Code      monospace            (Fira Code)\n",
       "        - ====================================| =======================\n",
       "\n",
       " ======================================================  */\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Roboto Slab */\n",
       "@import url(\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto+Slab:wght@100;200;300;400;500;600;700;800;900&display=swap\");\n",
       "/*md-display-computer-modern --> CMU Serif*/\n",
       "@import url(\"https://fonts.cdnfonts.com/css/cmu-serif?styles=30038,30039,30037,30036\");\n",
       "/*md-display-monospace --> CMU Typewriter Text*/\n",
       "@import url(\"https://fonts.cdnfonts.com/css/cmu-typewriter-text?styles=24833,24829,24830,24831,24832,24834\");\n",
       "/*code-monospace --> Fira Code*/\n",
       "@import url(\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Fira+Code:wght@300;400;500&display=swap\");\n",
       "/*md-edit-monospace --> Hack*/\n",
       "@import url(\"https://fonts.cdnfonts.com/css/hack?styles=20708,20707,20705,20706\");\n",
       "/*\n",
       "Author: Valerio Maggio < @leriomaggio >\n",
       "Code: https://github.com/leriomaggio/notexbook-jupyter-theme\n",
       "License: Apache License 2.0\n",
       "\n",
       "======================================================\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "    ---------------------------------\n",
       "    Code Mirror - Code Cell Highlight\n",
       "    ---------------------------------\n",
       "\n",
       "    Define the Style for Code **and** Markdown editors (Themes)\n",
       "    Theme files are all located in the \"themes\" folder, and the\n",
       "    different styles for the Code and Markdown editors are\n",
       "    distinguished by a common prefix in the file names:\n",
       "\n",
       "        --> Code editors Themes: \"themes/code_*\"\n",
       "        --> Markdown Editor Themes: \"themes/md_*\"\n",
       "\n",
       "    Styles can be imported as separate CSS modules.\n",
       "\n",
       "    Current stylesheet (editor.css) defines the CSS rules\n",
       "    for notebook tags and classes. These rules are\n",
       "    all based to colors defined in external Theme files.\n",
       "\n",
       "    This would ease the definition of other custom CSS Editor themes\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Code Editor theme */\n",
       "\n",
       "    /*\n",
       "Author: Valerio Maggio < @leriomaggio >\n",
       "Code: https://github.com/leriomaggio/notexbook-jupyter-theme\n",
       "License: Apache License 2.0\n",
       "\n",
       " ======================================================\n",
       "\n",
       "The color palette is inspired by Light\n",
       " Material Design theme\n",
       "Repo: https://github.com/JonaDuran/Material-Light-Theme/\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       ":root {\n",
       "    /* Color Palette */\n",
       "    --white: #ffffff;\n",
       "    --light-white: #FAFAFA;\n",
       "    --black: #24292E;\n",
       "    --dark-blue : #01579B11;\n",
       "    --dark-blue-2: #01579B22;\n",
       "    --blue: #1565C0;\n",
       "    --green: #2E7D32;\n",
       "    --yellow: #A8601A;\n",
       "    --cyan: #00838f;\n",
       "    --magenta: #9C00B0;\n",
       "    --red: #C0392B;\n",
       "    --grey: #9E9E9E;\n",
       "    --light-blue: #78909c;\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "    /* Editor Theme */\n",
       "    --code-background-color: var(--light-white);\n",
       "    --gutter-background: var(--light-white);\n",
       "    --selection-background-color: var(--dark-blue-2);\n",
       "    --line-numbers: var(--grey);\n",
       "    --cursor: var(--black);\n",
       "    --bracket: var(--black);\n",
       "    --matching-bracket: var(--blue);\n",
       "    --code-text-color: var(--black);\n",
       "    --keywords: var(--magenta);\n",
       "    --types: var(--magenta);\n",
       "    --variables: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "    --variables2: var(--green);\n",
       "    --def: var(--blue);\n",
       "    --property: var(--blue);\n",
       "    --meta: var(--light-blue);\n",
       "    --builtin: var(--blue);\n",
       "    --attribute: var(--blue);\n",
       "    --strings: var(--yellow);\n",
       "    --strings2: var(--grey);\n",
       "    --comments: var(--grey);\n",
       "    --operator: var(--magenta);\n",
       "    --numbers: var(--red);\n",
       "    /* Dataframe */\n",
       "    --dataframe: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "    --df-bg: var(--light-white);\n",
       "    --df-thead: var(--blue);\n",
       "    --df-thead-border: var(--black);\n",
       "    --df-tr-hover: var(--selection-background-color);\n",
       "    --df-border: var(--white);\n",
       "    --df-border-right: var(--grey);\n",
       "    --df-th-bg: var(--white);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Markdown Editor theme */\n",
       "\n",
       "    /*\n",
       "Author: Valerio Maggio < @leriomaggio >\n",
       "Code: https://github.com/leriomaggio/notexbook-jupyter-theme\n",
       "License: Apache License 2.0\n",
       "\n",
       " ======================================================\n",
       "\n",
       "    Custom Theme for Markdown Editor\n",
       "    based on Material Clear Theme.\n",
       "\n",
       " */\n",
       "\n",
       ":root {\n",
       "    /* Color Palette */\n",
       "    --md-red: #C0392B;\n",
       "    --md-yellow: #A8601A;\n",
       "    --md-black: #24292E;\n",
       "    --md-grey: #9E9E9E;\n",
       "    --md-blue: #1565C0;\n",
       "    --md-dark-blue: #01579B;\n",
       "    --md-light-blue: #78909c;\n",
       "\n",
       "    /*  Editor Theme  */\n",
       "    --editor-text: var(--md-black);\n",
       "    --header: var(--md-dark-blue);\n",
       "    --quote: var(--md-grey);\n",
       "    --link: var(--md-blue);\n",
       "    --attribute: var(--md-red);\n",
       "    --tag: var(--md-yellow);\n",
       "    --string: var(--md-yellow);\n",
       "    --delimiter: var(--md-black);\n",
       "    --monospace: var(--md-light-blue);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "/*\n",
       "    =================\n",
       "    Code Editor Theme\n",
       "    =================\n",
       "*/\n",
       "div.output_error pre,\n",
       "div.output_result pre,\n",
       "div.output_stream pre {\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython.CodeMirror {\n",
       "    background: var(--code-background-color);\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython div.CodeMirror-selected {\n",
       "    cursor: pointer;\n",
       "    background: var(--selection-background-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython .CodeMirror-gutters {\n",
       "    background: var(--gutter-background);\n",
       "    border-right: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython .CodeMirror-linenumber {\n",
       "    color: var(--line-numbers);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython .CodeMirror-cursor {\n",
       "    border-left: 1px solid var(--cursor) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-bracket {\n",
       "    /*color: #828282;*/\n",
       "    color: var(--bracket);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.CodeMirror-matchingbracket {\n",
       "    text-decoration: underline !important;\n",
       "    text-decoration-color: var(--matching-bracket) !important;\n",
       "    color: var(--matching-bracket) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-keyword {\n",
       "    color: var(--keywords);\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-variable {\n",
       "    color: var(--variables);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-variable-2 {\n",
       "    color: var(--variables2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-def {\n",
       "    color: var(--def);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-property {\n",
       "    color: var(--property);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-meta {\n",
       "    color: var(--meta);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-attribute {\n",
       "    color: var(--attribute);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-builtin {\n",
       "    color: var(--builtin)\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-string {\n",
       "    color: var(--strings);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-string-2 {\n",
       "    color: var(--strings2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-comment {\n",
       "    color: var(--comments);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-operator {\n",
       "    color: var(--operator);\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-number {\n",
       "    color: var(--numbers);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-ipython span.cm-type {\n",
       "    color: var(--types);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/*\n",
       "==============================\n",
       "Markdown MathJax Customisation\n",
       "==============================\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "/*This customisation only applies to Math Display showing the font bigger than normal*/\n",
       ".MathJax_Display {\n",
       "    font-size: 2.2rem;\n",
       "    /*color: rgb(83, 83, 83) !important;*/\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/*\n",
       "    Pygments CSS (replacement) for HTML export\n",
       "    ===========================================\n",
       "\n",
       "    Original Pygments CSS rewrite thanks to @rubik\n",
       "    https://github.com/jupyter/nbconvert/issues/447#issuecomment-270766965\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       ".highlight .hll, div.highlight > pre {\n",
       "    background-color: var(--code-background-color) !important;\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Comment */\n",
       ".highlight .c {\n",
       "    color: var(--comments);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Error */\n",
       ".highlight .err {\n",
       "    color: #960050;\n",
       "    background-color: #1e0010;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Keyword */\n",
       ".highlight .k {\n",
       "    color: var(--keywords);\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Literal */\n",
       ".highlight .l {\n",
       "    color: var(--numbers);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Name */\n",
       ".highlight .n {\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* HACK:\n",
       "fix Interpreter mismatch pygments vs codemirror\n",
       "mpl.rcParams <- rcParams will be highlighted as property (as in codemirror)\n",
       "*/\n",
       ".highlight .o + .n {\n",
       "    color: var(--property);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Operator */\n",
       ".highlight .o {\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Punctuation */\n",
       ".highlight .p {\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Comment.Multiline */\n",
       ".highlight .cm {\n",
       "    color: var(--comments);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Comment.Preproc */\n",
       ".highlight .cp {\n",
       "    color: var(--meta);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".highlight .cpf {\n",
       "    color: var(--meta);\n",
       "    font-style: normal;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Comment.Single */\n",
       ".highlight .c1 {\n",
       "    color: var(--comments);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Comment.Special */\n",
       ".highlight .cs {\n",
       "    color: var(--comments);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* @ Generic.Deleted */\n",
       ".highlight .gd {\n",
       "    color: var(--red);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Generic.Emph */\n",
       ".highlight .ge {\n",
       "    font-style: italic\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* @ Generic.Inserted */\n",
       ".highlight .gi {\n",
       "    color: #a6e22e\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Generic.Strong */\n",
       ".highlight .gs {\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* @ Generic.Subheading */\n",
       ".highlight .gu {\n",
       "    color: #75715e\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* */\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Keyword.Constant */\n",
       ".highlight .kc {\n",
       "    color: var(--keywords);\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Keyword.Declaration */\n",
       ".highlight .kd {\n",
       "    color: var(--keywords);\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Keyword.Namespace */\n",
       ".highlight .kn {\n",
       "    color: var(--keywords);\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Keyword.Pseudo */\n",
       ".highlight .kp {\n",
       "    color: var(--keywords);\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Keyword.Reserved */\n",
       ".highlight .kr {\n",
       "    color: var(--keywords);\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Keyword.Type */\n",
       ".highlight .kt {\n",
       "    color: var(--types);\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Literal.Date */\n",
       ".highlight .ld {\n",
       "    color: var(--numbers)\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Literal.Number */\n",
       ".highlight .m {\n",
       "    color: var(--numbers);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Literal.String */\n",
       ".highlight .s {\n",
       "    color: var(--string);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Name.Attribute */\n",
       ".highlight .na {\n",
       "    color: var(--property);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Name.Builtin */\n",
       ".highlight .nb {\n",
       "    color: var(--builtin);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Name.Class */\n",
       ".highlight .nc {\n",
       "    color: var(--def);\n",
       "    font-weight: normal !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* @ Name.Constant */\n",
       ".highlight .no {\n",
       "    color: var(--variables2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Name.Decorator */\n",
       ".highlight .nd {\n",
       "    color: var(--builtin);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* @ Name.Entity */\n",
       ".highlight .ni {\n",
       "    color: var(--variables2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Name.Exception */\n",
       ".highlight .ne {\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "    font-weight: normal !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Name.Function */\n",
       ".highlight .nf, .highlight .fm {\n",
       "    color: var(--def);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* @ Name.Label */\n",
       ".highlight .nl {\n",
       "    color: var(--comments);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Name.Namespace */\n",
       ".highlight .nn {\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "    font-weight: normal !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* @ Name.Other */\n",
       ".highlight .nx {\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* @ Name.Property */\n",
       ".highlight .py {\n",
       "    color: var(--property);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* @ Name.Tag */\n",
       ".highlight .nt {\n",
       "    color: var(--tag);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* @ Name.Variable */\n",
       ".highlight .nv {\n",
       "    color:  var(--variables);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Operator.Word */\n",
       ".highlight .ow {\n",
       "    color: var(--operator);\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* @ Text.Whitespace */\n",
       ".highlight .w {\n",
       "    color: var(--code-background-color);\n",
       "\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Literal.Number.Bin */\n",
       "/* Literal.Number.Float */\n",
       "/* Literal.Number.Hex */\n",
       "/* Literal.Number.Integer */\n",
       "/* Literal.Number.Oct */\n",
       ".highlight .mb,\n",
       ".highlight .mf,\n",
       ".highlight .mh,\n",
       ".highlight .mi,\n",
       ".highlight .mo {\n",
       "    color: var(--numbers);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Literal.String.Backtick */\n",
       ".highlight .sb {\n",
       "    color: var(--strings2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".highlight .sc,  /* Literal.String.Char */\n",
       ".highlight .sd,  /* Literal.String.Doc */\n",
       ".highlight .s2,  /* Literal.String.Double */\n",
       ".highlight .sh,  /* Literal.String.Heredoc */\n",
       ".highlight .si,  /* Literal.String.Interpol */\n",
       ".highlight .sx,  /* Literal.String.Other */\n",
       ".highlight .sr,  /* Literal.String.Regex */\n",
       ".highlight .s1,  /* Literal.String.Single */\n",
       ".highlight .ss  /* Literal.String.Symbol */\n",
       "{\n",
       "    color: var(--strings);\n",
       "    font-style: normal;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Literal.String.Escape */\n",
       ".highlight .se {\n",
       "    color: var(--red);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */\n",
       ".highlight .bp {\n",
       "    color: var(--variables2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Name.Variable.Class */\n",
       ".highlight .vc {\n",
       "    color: var(--variables);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Name.Variable.Global */\n",
       ".highlight .vg {\n",
       "    color: var(--variables2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Name.Variable.Instance */\n",
       ".highlight .vi {\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */\n",
       ".highlight .il {\n",
       "    color: var(--numbers);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/*\n",
       "    Dataframe Colors\n",
       "    ----------------\n",
       "    Adapt Dataframe table to comply with the theme\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe {\n",
       "    color: var(--dataframe) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "    background-color: var(--df-bg);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe tbody tr:hover {\n",
       "    background-color: var(--df-tr-hover);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe td, table.dataframe th {\n",
       "    border: 1px solid var(--df-border);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe > th:not(:empty) {\n",
       "    background-color: var(--df-th-bg);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe tr:nth-child(2) th:empty,\n",
       "table.dataframe tr:nth-child(2) th:empty {\n",
       "    border-right: 1px dotted var(--df-border-right);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe thead tr th:not(:empty) {\n",
       "    color: var(--df-thead);\n",
       "    border-bottom:  1px solid var(--df-thead-border);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* ANSI colors\n",
       "   stdout / stderr color customisation */\n",
       "\n",
       "span.ansi-green-fg {\n",
       "    /*color: var(--green);*/\n",
       "    color: var(--keywords) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.ansi-green-intense-fg{\n",
       "    color: var(--dark-grey) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.ansi-red-fg {\n",
       "    color: var(--red) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.ansi-cyan-fg {\n",
       "    color: var(--cyan) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.ansi-blue-fg {\n",
       "    color: var(--blue) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.ansi-bold {\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* ----------------------------------- */\n",
       "\n",
       "/*\n",
       "    ======================\n",
       "    Markdown Editor Theme\n",
       "    ======================\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell.unrendered pre {\n",
       "    color: var(--editor-text) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.cm-header {\n",
       "    color: var(--header) !important;\n",
       "    font-weight: 500;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.cm-quote {\n",
       "    color: var(--quote) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.cm-string.cm-url {\n",
       "    color: var(--link) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.cm-string {\n",
       "   color: var(--string) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "/* Sometimes useful in Mono code Highlighting*/\n",
       "span.cm-string-2 {\n",
       "    color: var(--strings2) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.cm-link {\n",
       "    color: var(--link) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.cm-attribute {\n",
       "    color: var(--attribute) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.cm-tag {\n",
       "    color: var(--tag) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.cm-delimiter {\n",
       "    color: var(--delimiter) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "span.cm-comment {\n",
       "    color: var(--comments) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "/*\n",
       "Author: Valerio Maggio < @leriomaggio >\n",
       "Code: https://github.com/leriomaggio/notexbook-jupyter-theme\n",
       "License: Apache License 2.0\n",
       "\n",
       "   ---------------------------------------\n",
       "    CODE CELL OUTPUT (DISPLAY MODE)\n",
       "\n",
       "    Pandas DataFrame - as HTML Table\n",
       "        (includes also HTML tables)\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "   Note: This stylesheet does NOT include\n",
       "   any color nor background color for tables,\n",
       "   as those are assumed to be part of the\n",
       "   Coding colourisation theme.\n",
       "\n",
       "   ---------------------------------------\n",
       "*/\n",
       "table.dataframe {\n",
       "    border-collapse: collapse;\n",
       "    border: none;\n",
       "    margin-left: 20px !important;\n",
       "    font-size: 14px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe thead {\n",
       "    padding-bottom: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe thead tr {\n",
       "    font-style: normal;\n",
       "    padding: 5px 10px;\n",
       "    border-bottom:  1px solid;\n",
       "    vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    text-align: center;\n",
       "    empty-cells: hide;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe thead tr th,\n",
       "table.dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
       "    vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    text-align: center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe tbody {\n",
       "    padding-top:  5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe tbody tr {\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "    text-align: left;\n",
       "    font-style: italic\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe tbody tr td {\n",
       "    padding-left: 1.0rem;\n",
       "    padding-right: 1.0rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe tr {\n",
       "    border: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe td,\n",
       "table.dataframe th {\n",
       "    padding-left: 0.25em;\n",
       "    padding-right: 0.25em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe > th:not(:empty) {\n",
       "    text-align: left;\n",
       "    padding: 0 10px;\n",
       "    font-style: italic\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe tr:nth-child(2) th:empty,\n",
       "table.dataframe tr:nth-child(2) th:empty {\n",
       "    border-left: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe td {\n",
       "    padding: 0.375em 1em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe thead {\n",
       "\tpadding: 10px 0;\n",
       "\tfont-weight: bold;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table.dataframe thead tr th:not(:empty) {\n",
       "    text-align: left;\n",
       "    font-style: normal;\n",
       "    padding: 5px 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Hacking Font-weight bold capped at 500 */\n",
       ".rendered_html th {\n",
       "    font-weight: 500 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       ":root {\n",
       "    /* Jupyter Lab Integration (Light Theme) */\n",
       "    --jp-content-font-color1: var(--txbk-content-color);\n",
       "    --jp-content-font-family: var(--txbk-content-font-family);\n",
       "    --jp-content-line-height: var(--txbk-content-line-height);\n",
       "    --jp-content-link-color: var(--link-color);\n",
       "    --jp-content-font-size: var(--txbk-content-font-size);\n",
       "\n",
       "    --jp-code-font-size: var(--txbk-ui-mono-font-size);\n",
       "    --jp-code-line-height: var(--txbk-ui-mono-line-height);\n",
       "    --jp-code-padding: 5px;\n",
       "    --jp-code-font-family-default: var(--txbk-code-font-family);\n",
       "    --jp-code-font-family: var(--jp-code-font-family-default);\n",
       "    --jp-code-presentation-font-size: var(--txbk-ui-mono-font-size);\n",
       "    --jp-content-heading-font-weight: 500;\n",
       "    --jp-content-heading-line-height: 1;\n",
       "\n",
       "    --jp-cell-prompt-font-family: var(--txbk-code-font-family);\n",
       "\n",
       "    --jp-layout-color0: var(--code-background-color);\n",
       "    --jp-cell-prompt-not-active-font-color: #aba9a9;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* body class*/\n",
       "\n",
       "body.jp-Notebook {\n",
       "\n",
       "    background-color: var(--background-color) !important;\n",
       "    font-weight: 300;\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-ui-font-family);\n",
       "    color: var(--txbk-ui-color);\n",
       "    overflow: inherit;\n",
       "    vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    font-size: var(--txbk-ui-font-size);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "/* MARKDOWN CELLS DISPLAY MODE */\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon {\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-content-font-family) !important;\n",
       "    font-size: var(--txbk-content-font-size) !important;\n",
       "    color: var(--txbk-content-color) !important;\n",
       "    font-kerning: auto;\n",
       "    text-align: justify !important;\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "    word-break: normal !important;\n",
       "    word-wrap: break-word !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon a {\n",
       "    color: var(--link-color) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h1,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h2,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h3,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h4,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h5,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h6 {\n",
       "    font-family:  var(--txbk-content-font-family) !important;\n",
       "    font-style: normal !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Font-sizes for headers */\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h1 {\n",
       "    font-size: 4.2rem !important;\n",
       "    text-align: center !important;\n",
       "    padding-top:  3rem;\n",
       "    padding-bottom: 3rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h2 {\n",
       "    font-size: 3.8rem !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h3 {\n",
       "    font-size: 3.4rem !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h4 {\n",
       "    font-size: 3rem !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h5 {\n",
       "    font-size: 2.6rem !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h6 {\n",
       "    font-size: 2.2rem !important;\n",
       "    border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon pre,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon code {\n",
       "    font-size: 1em !important;\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color)  /* REMOVED useless color forcing */;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Monospace Code - no code syntax highlight*/\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon pre {\n",
       "    /* hack: using code background colour here to allow for compatibility */\n",
       "    background-color: var(--code-background-color) !important;\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-content-mono-font-family) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p {\n",
       "    line-height: var(--txbk-content-line-height);\n",
       "    text-align: justify !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p code {\n",
       "    background-color: var(--txbk-content-mono-bgcolor) !important;\n",
       "    font-size: var(--txbk-content-mono-font-size) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p strong code {\n",
       "    font-weight: bold !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p em code {\n",
       "    font-style: italic !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon pre code {\n",
       "\n",
       "    /*--txbk-ui-mono-line-height: 1.3;*/\n",
       "\n",
       "    font-size: 1em !important;\n",
       "    padding: 1rem 1.5rem;\n",
       "    display: block !important;\n",
       "    color: var(--txkb-content-mono-color) !important;\n",
       "    background-color: var(--txbk-content-mono-bgcolor) !important;\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-content-mono-font-family) !important;\n",
       "    word-wrap: break-word;\n",
       "    word-break: normal;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon blockquote {\n",
       "    --txbk-ui-color: #6f6f6f !important;\n",
       "\n",
       "    margin: 2rem .2rem !important;\n",
       "    padding: .3rem .5rem !important;\n",
       "    border-left: .3rem solid #a7a7a7 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon blockquote p {\n",
       "    padding: .2rem 1.5rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon table {\n",
       "    font-size: var(--txbk-content-font-size) !important;\n",
       "    border-collapse: collapse;\n",
       "    border-spacing: 0;\n",
       "    overflow: auto;\n",
       "    break-inside: auto;\n",
       "    text-align: left;\n",
       "    margin-top: 25px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon table thead {\n",
       "    display: table-header-group;\n",
       "    vertical-align: middle !important;\n",
       "    border-bottom: none !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon table thead tr,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon table thead tr th,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon table thead tr td,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon table tbody tr,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon table tbody tr th,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon table tbody tr td {\n",
       "    break-inside: avoid;\n",
       "    break-after: auto;\n",
       "    text-align: left !important;\n",
       "    vertical-align: middle !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon table tr th {\n",
       "    border-bottom-width: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol {\n",
       "    position: relative;\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 0 !important;\n",
       "    line-height: var(--txbk-content-line-height);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul {\n",
       "    list-style-type: disc;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul li,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol li {\n",
       "    /*white-space: pre-wrap;*/\n",
       "    padding: .8rem !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul li > code,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol li > code {\n",
       "    font-size: .9em !important\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul li a code,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol li a code {\n",
       "    font-size: .9em !important\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul ul {\n",
       "    list-style-type: circle !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul ul,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul ol,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol ul,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol ol {\n",
       "    padding-top: .5rem !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul li > ul li,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul li > ol li,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol li > ul li,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol li > ol li {\n",
       "    padding: .5rem !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul li > ul li code,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul li > ol li code,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol li > ul li code,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol li > ol li code {\n",
       "    font-size: .9em !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul li > ul li a code,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul li > ol li a code,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol li > ul li a code,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol li > ol li a code {\n",
       "    font-size: .9em !important;\n",
       "    color: var(--link-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul ul ul {\n",
       "    list-style-type: square !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p > img:only-child {\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "    margin: auto;\n",
       "    max-width: 70% !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img {\n",
       "    max-width: 70%;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-InputPrompt{\n",
       "    color: #aba9a9 !important;\n",
       "    font-style: normal !important;\n",
       "    font-size: 1.4rem;\n",
       "    opacity: 1 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-OutputPrompt {\n",
       "    color: transparent !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Code export */\n",
       "\n",
       ".cm-s-jupyter.CodeMirror {\n",
       "\n",
       "    background: var(--code-background-color);\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Img MaxW classes */\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img.maxw10,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p > img.maxw10 {\n",
       "    max-width: 10% !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img.maxw15,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p > img.maxw15 {\n",
       "    max-width: 15% !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img.maxw20,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p > img.maxw20 {\n",
       "    max-width: 20% !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img.maxw25,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p > img.maxw25 {\n",
       "    max-width: 25% !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img.maxw30,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p > img.maxw30 {\n",
       "    max-width: 30% !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img.maxw40,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p > img.maxw40 {\n",
       "    max-width: 40% !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img.maxw50,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p > img.maxw50 {\n",
       "    max-width: 50% !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img.maxw80,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p > img.maxw80 {\n",
       "    max-width: 80% !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img.maxw85,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p > img.maxw85 {\n",
       "    max-width: 85% !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img.maxw90,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p > img.maxw90 {\n",
       "    max-width: 90% !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img.maxw100,\n",
       "div.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p > img.maxw100 {\n",
       "    max-width: 100% !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/*\n",
       "Overlay with Shadow for Code Cell Selected !\n",
       "*/\n",
       ".jp-CodeCell.jp-mod-active.jp-mod-selected:not(.jp-mod-multiSelected) {\n",
       "    border: none;\n",
       "    background: transparent;\n",
       "    box-shadow: 0 6px 18px #aaa;\n",
       "    z-index: 10;\n",
       "    top: -10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Standard Error */\n",
       ".jp-RenderedText[data-mime-type='application/vnd.jupyter.stderr'] {\n",
       "    background: none !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "/* ======================================================\n",
       "                         GLOBALS\n",
       "   ======================================================\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       ":root {\n",
       "    /* Base colors */\n",
       "    --texbook-red: #d43133;\n",
       "    --texbook-pink: #D14187;\n",
       "    --texbook-turquoise: #009489;\n",
       "    --texbook-azure: #00afde;\n",
       "    --texbook-blue: #2875d9;\n",
       "    --texbook-light-grey: #828282;\n",
       "    --texbook-dark-grey: rgb(56, 56, 56);\n",
       "\n",
       "    /* Font formatting */\n",
       "    --background-color: #ffffff;\n",
       "    --txbk-ui-font-family: \"Roboto Slab\", \"Helvetica Neue\", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\n",
       "    --txbk-ui-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\n",
       "    --txbk-ui-font-size: 14px;\n",
       "    --txbk-ui-line-height: 1;\n",
       "\n",
       "    --txbk-ui-header-font-family: \"Roboto Slab\", \"Helvetica Neue\", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\n",
       "    --txbk-ui-header-color: rgb(56, 56, 56);\n",
       "\n",
       "    --txbk-ui-mono-color: #828282;\n",
       "    --txbk-ui-mono-font-size: 15px;\n",
       "    --txbk-ui-mono-line-height: 1.4;\n",
       "\n",
       "    /* Content Formatting */\n",
       "    --txbk-content-font-family: \"CMU Serif\", \"Times New Roman\", serif;\n",
       "    --txbk-content-font-size: 19px;\n",
       "    --txbk-content-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\n",
       "    --txbk-content-line-height: 1.4;\n",
       "\n",
       "    --txbk-content-mono-font-family: \"CMU Typewriter Text\", \"Fira Code\", \"Fira Code\", monospace;\n",
       "    --txbk-content-mono-font-size: 16px;\n",
       "    --txkb-content-mono-color: var(--texbook-dark-grey);\n",
       "    --txbk-content-mono-bgcolor: var(--code-background-color);\n",
       "\n",
       "    --txbk-code-font-family: \"Fira Code\", \"Fira Code\", monospace;\n",
       "    --txbk-md-font-family: \"Hack\", \"Hack\", monospace;\n",
       "    --txbk-code-font-size: 16px;\n",
       "    --txbk-code-line-height: 1.6;\n",
       "    --txkb-code-color: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "    --txbk-code-bgcolor: var(--code-background-color);\n",
       "\n",
       "    --link-color: #2875d9;\n",
       "    --del-color: #d43133;\n",
       "    --drop-cap-color: #d43133;\n",
       "\n",
       "    --kernel-name-color: #00afde;\n",
       "    --kernel-idle: #009489;\n",
       "    --kernel-busy: #D14187;\n",
       "    --kernel-disconnected: #d43133;\n",
       "    --btn-warning: #D14187;\n",
       "    --btn-danger: #d43133;\n",
       "    --running-notebook: #009489;\n",
       "\n",
       "    --cell-display-border: #009489;\n",
       "    --cell-edit-border: #d43133;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "html {\n",
       "    font-size: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "body {\n",
       "\n",
       "    background-color: var(--background-color) !important;\n",
       "    font-weight: 300;\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-ui-font-family);\n",
       "    color: var(--txbk-ui-color);\n",
       "    overflow: inherit;\n",
       "    vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    font-size: var(--txbk-ui-font-size);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, label > strong {\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-ui-header-font-family);\n",
       "    color: var(--txbk-ui-header-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "h1 img, h2 img , h3 img, h4 img, h5 img, h6 img {\n",
       "    display: inline !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "h1 {\n",
       "    font-weight: bold;\n",
       "    font-style: normal;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "h2 {\n",
       "    font-weight: bold;\n",
       "    font-style: italic;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "h3 {\n",
       "    font-weight: 600;\n",
       "    font-style: normal;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "h4 {\n",
       "    font-weight: 500;\n",
       "    font-style: normal;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "h5, h6 {\n",
       "    font-weight: 500;\n",
       "    font-style: italic;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "code, kbd, pre, samp {\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-code-font-family) !important;\n",
       "    color: var(--txbk-ui-mono-color);\n",
       "    font-weight: 400;\n",
       "    font-size: var(--txbk-ui-mono-font-size) !important;\n",
       "    line-height: var(--txbk-ui-mono-line-height) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "table > thead > tr > td.info,\n",
       "table > tbody > tr > td.info,\n",
       "table > tfoot > tr > td.info,\n",
       "table > thead > tr > th.info,\n",
       "table > tbody > tr > th.info,\n",
       "table > tfoot > tr > th.info,\n",
       "table > thead > tr.info > td,\n",
       "table > tbody > tr.info > td,\n",
       "table > tfoot > tr.info > td,\n",
       "table > thead > tr.info > th,\n",
       "table > tbody > tr.info > th,\n",
       "table > tfoot > tr.info > th {\n",
       "    background-color: #d9edf7;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "del {\n",
       "    color: var(--del-color) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* ======================================================\n",
       "                 Intro/Home Page Server\n",
       "   ======================================================\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "#ipython-main-app p {\n",
       "    text-align: justify !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".toolbar_info,\n",
       ".list-container {\n",
       "    color: #828282;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".list_placeholder {\n",
       "    font-family: \"Roboto Slab\", serif !important;\n",
       "    font-weight: 300;\n",
       "    font-style: normal;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "a.item_link {\n",
       "    color: var(--link-color);\n",
       "    font-weight: 300;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".item_buttons .kernel-name {\n",
       "    color: var(--kernel-name-color);\n",
       "    font-weight: 400;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".btn-warning {\n",
       "    background-color: var(--btn-warning) !important;\n",
       "    border-color: var(--btn-warning) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".btn-warning:focus {\n",
       "    border-color: var(--btn-warning) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".btn-danger {\n",
       "    background-color: var(--btn-danger) !important;\n",
       "    border-color: var(--btn-danger) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".btn-danger:focus {\n",
       "    border-color: var(--btn-danger) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".running-indicator,\n",
       ".running_notebook_icon:before {\n",
       "    color: var(--running-notebook);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "/* ======================================================\n",
       "                         Notebook\n",
       "   ======================================================\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Modal Dialog */\n",
       "\n",
       ".modal-header > h4 {\n",
       "    font-style: normal !important;\n",
       "    text-decoration: none !important;\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-ui-font-family) !important;\n",
       "    margin: 0 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".notebook_app {\n",
       "    background-color: var(--background-color) !important;\n",
       "    font-family: \"Helvetica Neue\", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;\n",
       "    font-weight: normal;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div#notebook_name {\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-ui-font-family) !important;\n",
       "    font-weight: normal;\n",
       "    font-size: 24px;\n",
       "    padding: 1px 7px 1px 1px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div#site {\n",
       "\toverflow: inherit;\n",
       "    top: 112px;\n",
       "    position: absolute;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#header {\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "    position: fixed !important;\n",
       "    top: 0;\n",
       "    width: 100%;\n",
       "    max-width: 100%;\n",
       "    height: fit-content;\n",
       "    background-color: var(--background-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#notebook-container {\n",
       "    /* Remove shadow so that it looks like a page of a PDF doc */\n",
       "    box-shadow: none !important;\n",
       "    -webkit-box-shadow: none !important;\n",
       "    padding: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".prompt {\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-code-font-family) !important;\n",
       "    font-style: normal;\n",
       "    font-size: 1rem;\n",
       "    text-align: right;\n",
       "    line-height: 1rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div#notebook {\n",
       "    border-top: none;\n",
       "    font-size: 1rem;\n",
       "    padding: 0 !important;\n",
       "    padding-top: 30px !important;\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-content-font-family) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".kernel_idle_icon:before {\n",
       "    color: var(--kernel-idle);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".kernel_busy_icon:before {\n",
       "    color: var(--kernel-busy);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".kernel_disconnected_icon:before {\n",
       "    color: var(--kernel-disconnected);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#notification_area {\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-ui-font-family);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#notification_kernel {\n",
       "    color: #fff;\n",
       "    background-color: var(--kernel-idle);\n",
       "    border-color: var(--kernel-idle);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#notification_kernel.warning {\n",
       "    color: #fff;\n",
       "    background-color: var(--kernel-disconnected);\n",
       "    border-color: var(--kernel-disconnected);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#notification_trusted {\n",
       "    border-color: var(--kernel-disconnected);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#notification_trusted[disabled=\"disabled\"] {\n",
       "    border-color: var(--kernel-idle);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "#notification_notebook {\n",
       "    border-color: var(--kernel-idle);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* -----------------------------------\n",
       "    CELLS\n",
       "   -----------------------------------\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "div.cell {\n",
       "    padding: 12px 0 5px 0 !important;\n",
       "    right: 2px;\n",
       "    border:  none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.cell .inner_cell {\n",
       "    padding-left: 5px;\n",
       "    border-right: 5px solid var(--background-color);\n",
       "    border-left:  0.1rem dotted var(--background-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.cell.selected {\n",
       "    border-radius: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "div.cell.selected {\n",
       "    border: none;\n",
       "    background: none !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.cell.selected .inner_cell {\n",
       "    /* left and right border on current cell */\n",
       "    border-left:  0.1rem dotted lightgrey;\n",
       "    /* coloured and visible */\n",
       "    border-right: 5px solid var(--cell-display-border);\n",
       "    /*margin-right: -2px;*/\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.code_cell.selected .inner_cell {\n",
       "    border-left: 0 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".edit_mode div.code_cell.selected .inner_cell,\n",
       "div.text_cell.selected.unrendered .inner_cell {\n",
       "    border-left: none;\n",
       "    border-right: 5px solid var(--cell-edit-border);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/*\n",
       "Overlay with Shadow for Code Cell Selected !\n",
       "*/\n",
       "div.code_cell.selected, div.code_cell.selected.jupyter-soft-selected {\n",
       "    border: none;\n",
       "    background: transparent;\n",
       "    box-shadow: 0 6px 18px #aaa;\n",
       "    z-index: 10;\n",
       "    top: -10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.cell.selected:before, div.cell.selected.jupyter-soft-selected:before {\n",
       "    position: absolute;\n",
       "    display: none;\n",
       "    top: -1px;\n",
       "    left: -1px;\n",
       "    width: 0;\n",
       "    height: calc(100% + 2px);\n",
       "    content: '';\n",
       "    background: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.cell.selected div.input:before {\n",
       "    display: inline-block;\n",
       "    position: absolute;\n",
       "    content: \"\\279E\";\n",
       "    font-size: 1.8rem;\n",
       "    top: 14px;\n",
       "    /*top: 40px;*/\n",
       "    width: 10px;\n",
       "    left: 30px;\n",
       "    /*left: 15px;*/\n",
       "    color: var(--cell-display-border);\n",
       "    font-weight: bold !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Cell Input and Output */\n",
       "\n",
       "div.input_prompt {\n",
       "    color: #aba9a9;\n",
       "    font-style: normal !important;\n",
       "    font-size: 1.4rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* FIX: Fixing Empty cell output in HTML export */\n",
       "div.output_prompt {\n",
       "    color: transparent !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.input_prompt bdi,\n",
       "div.output_prompt bdi {\n",
       "    line-height: 0;\n",
       "    font-size:0;\n",
       "    color: transparent;\n",
       "    left: -10000px;\n",
       "    content: \"\\21E2\";\n",
       "\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.output_wrapper {\n",
       "    margin-top: 8px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.output_area pre, div.output_subarea {\n",
       "    font-weight: normal;\n",
       "    word-break: normal;\n",
       "    word-wrap: break-word;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.output_area pre {\n",
       "    --txbk-content-mono-font-family: var(--txbk-code-font-family);\n",
       "\n",
       "    padding-bottom: 15px;\n",
       "    padding-top: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Output Standard Error  */\n",
       "div.output_stderr {\n",
       "    background-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.out_prompt_overlay:hover {\n",
       "    box-shadow: none;\n",
       "    background: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Output HTML after cell code - e.g. Pandas DataFrame */\n",
       "div.output_html {\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "div.output_html {\n",
       "    font-size: 1.3rem;\n",
       "    font-weight: normal;\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-code-font-family);\n",
       "    padding-bottom: 15px;\n",
       "    padding-top: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "div.output_html > iframe, div.output_area {\n",
       "    margin-left: 3rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.output_subarea {\n",
       "    margin-left: 1rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.output_svg div {\n",
       "    max-width: 98%;\n",
       "    margin-left: 0 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* -----------------------------------\n",
       "    EDIT MODE\n",
       "   -----------------------------------\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "div.input_area {\n",
       "    border-radius: 0;\n",
       "    border: none;\n",
       "    padding: 0 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.cell.edit_mode {\n",
       "    border-radius: 0;\n",
       "    border: thin solid var(--cell-edit-border);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".edit_mode div.cell.selected div.input:before,\n",
       ".edit_mode div.cell.selected.unrendered div.input:before {\n",
       "    color: var(--cell-edit-border);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".code_cell div.input_prompt:after,\n",
       ".code_cell div.output_prompt:after {\n",
       "    display: inline-block;\n",
       "    content: '';\n",
       "    font-size:  0.75rem;\n",
       "    font-style: normal !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".edit_mode div.cell.selected {\n",
       "    border: none;\n",
       "    background: none !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".edit_mode div.cell.selected:before{\n",
       "    width: 0;\n",
       "    background: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "/* -----------------------------------\n",
       "    CELLS Render\n",
       "   -----------------------------------\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "/* -- CODE CELLS -- */\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Display + Edit modes */\n",
       "div.code_cell pre, div.CodeMirror, div.CodeMirror-linenumber {\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-code-font-family) !important;\n",
       "    font-size: var(--txbk-code-font-size) !important;\n",
       "    line-height: var(--txbk-code-line-height) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.CodeMirror-linenumber {\n",
       "    --txbk-ui-mono-font-size: 12px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* -- MARKDOWN CELLS (Edit) -- */\n",
       "\n",
       "/* md cell */\n",
       "div.text_cell.unrendered pre {\n",
       "    /* general font rule */\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-md-font-family)  !important;\n",
       "    font-size: var(--txbk-code-font-size) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* md cell headers (edit) */\n",
       ".cm-header-1, .cm-header-2, .cm-header-3,\n",
       ".cm-header-4, .cm-header-5, .cm-header-6 {\n",
       "    /* general font rule */\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-md-font-family) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* ------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
       "        MARKDOWN CELLS (DISPLAY MODE)\n",
       "\n",
       "        Notes: Font-families to use here:\n",
       "            computer-modern --> general text (Computer Modern Typeface, CMU)\n",
       "            md-display-monospace --> Monospace output (CMU Typewriter)\n",
       "   ------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
       " */\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render {\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-content-font-family) !important;\n",
       "    font-size: var(--txbk-content-font-size) !important;\n",
       "    color: var(--txbk-content-color) !important;\n",
       "    font-kerning: auto;\n",
       "    text-align: justify !important;\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "    word-break: normal !important;\n",
       "    word-wrap: break-word !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render a {\n",
       "    color: var(--link-color) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render h1, div.text_cell_render h2,\n",
       "div.text_cell_render h3, div.text_cell_render h4,\n",
       "div.text_cell_render h5, div.text_cell_render h6 {\n",
       "    font-family:  var(--txbk-content-font-family) !important;\n",
       "    font-style: normal !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Font-sizes for headers */\n",
       "div.text_cell_render h1 {\n",
       "    font-size: 4.2rem !important;\n",
       "    text-align: center !important;\n",
       "    padding-top:  3rem;\n",
       "    padding-bottom: 3rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render h2 {\n",
       "    font-size: 3.8rem !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render h3 {\n",
       "    font-size: 3.4rem !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render h4 {\n",
       "    font-size: 3rem !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render h5 {\n",
       "    font-size: 2.6rem !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render h6 {\n",
       "    font-size: 2.2rem !important;\n",
       "    border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render p,\n",
       "div.text_cell_render pre,\n",
       "div.text_cell_render code {\n",
       "    font-size: 1em !important;\n",
       "    color: var(--code-text-color)  /* REMOVED useless important clause */\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Monospace Code - no code syntax highlight*/\n",
       "div.text_cell_render pre {\n",
       "    /* hack: using code background colour here to allow for compatibility */\n",
       "    background-color: var(--code-background-color) !important;\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-content-mono-font-family) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render p {\n",
       "    line-height: var(--txbk-content-line-height);\n",
       "    text-align: justify !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Monospace inline rendered markdown */\n",
       "div.text_cell_render p code {\n",
       "    background-color: var(--txbk-content-mono-bgcolor) !important;\n",
       "    font-size: var(--txbk-content-mono-font-size) !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render p strong code {\n",
       "    font-weight: bold !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render p em code {\n",
       "    font-style: italic !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render pre code {\n",
       "\n",
       "    /*--txbk-ui-mono-line-height: 1.3;*/\n",
       "\n",
       "    font-size: 1em !important;\n",
       "    padding: 1rem 1.5rem;\n",
       "    display: block !important;\n",
       "    color: var(--txkb-content-mono-color) !important;\n",
       "    background-color: var(--txbk-content-mono-bgcolor) !important;\n",
       "    font-family: var(--txbk-content-mono-font-family) !important;\n",
       "    word-wrap: break-word;\n",
       "    word-break: normal;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render blockquote {\n",
       "    --txbk-ui-color: #6f6f6f !important;\n",
       "\n",
       "    margin: 2rem .2rem !important;\n",
       "    padding: .3rem .5rem !important;\n",
       "    border-left: .3rem solid #a7a7a7 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render blockquote p {\n",
       "    padding: .2rem 1.5rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render table {\n",
       "    font-size: var(--txbk-content-font-size) !important;\n",
       "    border-collapse: collapse;\n",
       "    border-spacing: 0;\n",
       "    width: 100%;\n",
       "    overflow: auto;\n",
       "    break-inside: auto;\n",
       "    text-align: left;\n",
       "    margin-top: 25px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render table thead {\n",
       "    display: table-header-group;\n",
       "    vertical-align: middle !important;\n",
       "    border-bottom: none !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render table thead tr,\n",
       "div.text_cell_render table thead tr th,\n",
       "div.text_cell_render table thead tr td,\n",
       "div.text_cell_render table tbody tr,\n",
       "div.text_cell_render table tbody tr th,\n",
       "div.text_cell_render table tbody tr td {\n",
       "    break-inside: avoid;\n",
       "    break-after: auto;\n",
       "    text-align: left !important;\n",
       "    vertical-align: middle !important;\n",
       "    padding: 0 !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render table tr th {\n",
       "    border-bottom-width: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render ul, div.text_cell_render ol {\n",
       "    position: relative;\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 0 !important;\n",
       "    line-height: var(--txbk-content-line-height);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render ul {\n",
       "    list-style-type: disc;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render ul li, div.text_cell_render ol li {\n",
       "    /*white-space: pre-wrap;*/\n",
       "    padding: .8rem !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
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   "source": [
    "# Beautiful ML Data: Patterns and Best Practice with PyTorch"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Thank you** very much for getting here 🤗\n",
    "\n",
    "In this tutorial I will present **patterns** and **best practice** to work with data in your `ML` applications in what I think would be the most efficient and effective way. We will focus on *good* OOP abstractions, while aiming at integration and *not reinventing the wheel*.\n",
    "Our main framework of reference will be `PyTorch`, demonstrating its unique ability to perfectly integrates within the **Python Data Model**, as well as with other ML libraries (i.e. `sklearn`).\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "I hope you will find the material useful, and most of all that you'll enjoy the journey 😊\n",
    "\n",
    "For any question, suggestion, or **new pattern** proposal, feel free to open an [issue](https://github.com/leriomaggio/pytorch-beautiful-ml-data/issues) or a [PR](https://github.com/leriomaggio/pytorch-beautiful-ml-data/pulls) on [GitHub](https://github.com/leriomaggio/pytorch-beautiful-ml-data).\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Table of Content**\n",
    "\n",
    "- [Motivations](#Motivations)\n",
    "    - [Description](#Longer-Description)\n",
    "- [Zen of Data Abstractions](#The-Zen-of-Data-Abstractions)\n",
    "- [Outline](#Outline)\n",
    "- [Patterns Catalogue](#Patterns-Catalogue)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Patterns Catalogue"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "_for a quick and easy access to examples and case studies_"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- `Dataset` and data encapsulation\n",
    "    - from `bunch` to `Dataset` $\\Rightarrow$ [link](2_torch_dataset/dataset_and_torch.ipynb#From-Bunch-to-Dataset)\n",
    "    - iteration, collation, and batches $\\Rightarrow$ [link](2_torch_dataset/dataset_and_torch.ipynb#iteration-time)\n",
    "    - data representation $\\Rightarrow$ [link](1_prelude/ml_data_model.ipynb#Data-Representation-for-Machine-Learning)\n",
    "    \n",
    "- Dataset and Transform \n",
    "    - `jit-scriptable` preprocessing $\\Rightarrow$ [link](3_transformer_samplers/transformers_and_samplers.ipynb#Dataset-and-transform)\n",
    "    - transform, random, and seed $\\Rightarrow$ [link](3_transformer_samplers/transformers_and_samplers.ipynb#Transformers,-Random,-and-seeds)\n",
    "\n",
    "- Imbalanced dataset $\\Rightarrow$ [link](3_transformer_samplers/transformers_and_samplers.ipynb#DataLoaders-and-Imbalanced-data)\n",
    "    - Weighted Sampler $\\Rightarrow$ [link](3_transformer_samplers/transformers_and_samplers.ipynb#Sampler)\n",
    "    \n",
    "- Data Partitioning\n",
    "    - Split `PyTorch` Dataset $\\Rightarrow$ [link](4_data_partitioning/data_partitioning.ipynb#Split-a-PyTorch-Dataset)\n",
    "    - Combining `PyTorch` Dataset $\\Rightarrow$ [link](4_data_partitioning/data_partitioning.ipynb#Combining-multiple-PyTorch-Dataset)\n",
    "    - Train/Test split and `Subset` $\\Rightarrow$ [link](4_data_partitioning/data_partitioning.ipynb#Train-Test-Split)\n",
    "    - K-Fold CV with `PyTorch` $\\Rightarrow$ [link](4_data_partitioning/data_partitioning.ipynb#KFold-and-torch.Dataset)\n",
    "        - `ProxyDataset` pattern $\\rightarrow$ [link](4_data_partitioning/data_partitioning.ipynb#As-for-1.A:)\n",
    "        - `FolderSampler` patter $\\rightarrow$ [link](4_data_partitioning/data_partitioning.ipynb#Changing-Data-Loading-strategy,-not-dataset)\n",
    "        \n",
    "- Structured Labels and Data Abstractions\n",
    "    - `Region` abstraction for segmentation contours $\\Rightarrow$ [link](5_case_study/case_study_digital_pathology.ipynb#Data-Abstractions)\n",
    "    - Label Transformation: from Annotation to Bounding-boxes $\\Rightarrow$ [link](5_case_study/case_study_digital_pathology.ipynb#Tiles)\n",
    "    - Label Rescaling $\\Rightarrow$ [link](5_case_study/case_study_digital_pathology.ipynb#Identify-Tiles-for-Annotations)\n",
    "    - Tiles Transform operator $\\Rightarrow$ [link](|5_case_study/case_study_digital_pathology.ipynb#Tiling-as-a-Transformer)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### The Zen of Data Abstractions\n",
    "\n",
    "The general _mantra_ that we will try to support in this tutorial is:\n",
    "\n",
    "- Data does **never** come *already* pre-processed (🚫 `MNIST`)\n",
    "    - either in `features` or in `partitions`\n",
    "\n",
    "- A dataset for DL is (and requires) more than `numpy.ndarray` $\\mapsto$ `torch.Tensor`[$^{\\star}$](#fnstar2)\n",
    "    - same applies to `pandas.DataFrame` $\\mapsto$ `torch.Tensor`\n",
    "\n",
    "- Data Science 💙 OOP\n",
    "\n",
    "- *good* OOP abstractions make your life a lot easier\n",
    "    - and are also a lot of fun to use!\n",
    "    \n",
    "- FYI: **Python Data Model** rocks 🚀\n",
    "\n",
    "I called this the *Zen of Data Abstractions* (for _deep learning_).\n",
    "\n",
    "*Note*: I did come up with this *name* while working at this tutorial...so I presume the list is still _incomplete_ and would benefit for some revisions. \n",
    "*If only* the **Global PyData Community** would be gathered into a unique conference...\n",
    "\n",
    "<span id=\"fnstar2\"><i>[$^{\\star}$]: </i>Although there exists an instance of `torch.utils.data.TensorDataset` 😊</span>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Motivations"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Data is essential in Machine Learning, and PyTorch offers a very Pythonic solution to load complex and heterogeneous dataset. However, data loading is merely the first step: *preprocessing* | *batching* | *sampling* | *partitioning* | *augmenting*. \n",
    "`ML` data requires _good_ (`OOP`, *ed.*) abstractions to deal with different complex and evolving data pipelines, so `numpy.ndarray` (as well as `torch.Tensor`) are *wonderful*, but simply _not enough_.     \n",
    "\n",
    "This tutorial explores the internals of `torch.utils.data`, and describes patterns and best practices for elegant data solutions in Machine and Deep learning with PyTorch."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Longer Description\n",
    "\n",
    "Data processing is at the heart of every Machine Learning (ML) model _training&evaluation_ loop; and PyTorch has revolutionised the way in which data is managed.\n",
    "Very Pythonic `Dataset` and `DataLoader` classes substitutes substitutes (_nested_) `list` of Numpy `ndarray`.\n",
    "\n",
    "However data `loading` is merely the first step. Data *preprocessing* | *batching* | *sampling* | *partitioning* are fundamental operations that are usually required in a complete ML pipeline.\n",
    "\n",
    "If not properly managed, this could ultimately lead to lots of _boilerplate_ code,  _re-inventing the wheel_ ™.\n",
    "\n",
    "This tutorial will dig into the internals of `torch.utils.data` to present patterns and best practice to load heterogeneous and custom dataset in the most elegant and Pythonic way.\n",
    "\n",
    "The tutorial is organised in five parts, each focusing on specific patterns for ML data and scenarios (see the general [outline](#Outline) below)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Outline\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Prelude: Data Representation for Machine Learning\n",
    "    - Representation Model of Machine Learning data\n",
    "        - Example: Images\n",
    "    - Exercise: Transforming textual features from `source code`\n",
    "    - Extra: `numpy` internals and perfomance exploration\n",
    "\n",
    "2. Introdution to `Dataset` and `DataLoader`\n",
    "    * `torch.utils.data.Dataset` at a glance\n",
    "        * Case Study: FER Dataset\n",
    "    * `torch.utils.data.DataLoader` at a glance\n",
    "        - Customising the `collate_fn` function\n",
    "\n",
    "3. Data Transformation and Sampling\n",
    "    * Preprocessing samples with `torchvision` transforms\n",
    "        - `FERVision` $\\Longleftarrow$  `FER`\n",
    "        * Case Study: Random transformers and `LocalRandomApply`\n",
    "        * Transformer pipelines with `torchvision.transforms.Compose`\n",
    "    * Data Sampling and Data Loader\n",
    "        * Case Study: Handling imbalanced samples in FER data\n",
    "\n",
    "4. Data Partitioning: the PyTorch way\n",
    "    * One _Dataset_ is One `Dataset`\n",
    "    * Subset and `random_split` meets `sklearn`\n",
    "        - `train_test_split_dataset`\n",
    "    * `Dataset` and Cross-Validation\n",
    "        * `torch.utils.data.Dataset` $\\rightleftharpoons$ `sklearn.model_selection.KFold` \n",
    "        * `ProxySubset` vs `FoldSampler`\n",
    "\n",
    "5. Data Abstractions for Image Segmentation\n",
    "    * `dataclass` and Python Data Model\n",
    "    * Case Study for Digital Pathology\n",
    "    * Working with tiles and Patches\n",
    "        * Patches in Batches for Spleen Segmentation"
   ]
  }
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