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possess.htm
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<meta name="Description" content="Irische Possessivpronomen">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="Gaeilge, Gälisch">
<title>posessive pronouns</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a hOcht:</span></h1>
<h1 id="oben"><span class="red">The
possessive pronouns (na hAidiachtaí Sealbhacha)</span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><a href="#adjektivisch">adjectival possessive pronouns</a> <br>
<a href="#selbständig">subst. possessive pronouns</a>
<br><font color="#000000"><a href="#praeposition">prepositions und
possessive pronouns</a></font>
<br>
<span class="black"><a href="#verwendung">usage</a></span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The possessive pronouns are counted as adjectives, because they can only operate
adjectivally (with a further noun) and not as a noun (autonomously, without
a further noun). (One needs auxilliary words to express the latter). This is
where the term "aidiachtaí sealbhacha" instead of "forainmneacha sealbhacha".
<h3 id="adjektivisch"><span class="lightgreen">adjectival possessive pronouns (with a noun)</span></h3>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>English</b></td>
<td><b>general</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>contrast form</b></td>
<td><b>preceding a vowel</b></td>
<td><b>with a noun</b> <br>
<b>in the plural</b></td>
<td><b>with a noun</b> <br>
<b>in the plural (contrast form)</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>my</td>
<td class="red bold">mo</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td><b><span class="red">mo </span>....<span class="red">sa/se</span></b></td>
<td class="red bold">m'</td>
<td><b><span class="red">mo</span> <span class="red">c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">uid</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">mo c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">uid
</span>....<span class="red">sa/se</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>your</td>
<td class="red bold">do</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td><b><span class="red">do </span>....<span class="red">sa/se</span></b></td>
<td class="red bold">d' </td>
<td><b><span class="red">do</span> <span class="red">c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">uid</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">do c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">uid
</span>....<span class="red">sa/se</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>his</td>
<td class="red bold">a</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td><b><span class="red">a</span> ....<span class="red">san/sean</span></b></td>
<td class="red bold">a</td>
<td><b><span class="red">a c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">uid</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">a c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">uid</span> ....<span class="red">san/sean</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ihr</td>
<td class="red bold">a</td>
<td><b>-</b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">a</span> ....<span class="red">sa/se</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">a</span> <span class="lilac">h</span>....</b></td>
<td class="red bold">a cuid</td>
<td><b><span class="red">a cuid</span> ....<span class="red">sa/se</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>our</td>
<td class="red bold">ár</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td><b><span class="red">ár</span> ....<span class="red">na/ne</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">ár</span> <span class="lilac">n</span>-....</b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">ár </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">cuid</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">ár </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">cuid</span> ....<span class="red">na/ne</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>your (pl.)</td>
<td class="red bold">bhur</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td><b><span class="red">bhur</span> ....<span class="red"> sa/se</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">bhur</span> <span class="lilac">n-</span>....</b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">bhur </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">cuid</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">bhur </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">cuid</span> ....<span class="red">sa/se</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ihr</td>
<td class="red bold">a</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td><b><span class="red">a</span> ....<span class="red"> san/sean</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">a</span> <span class="lilac">n-</span>....</b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">a </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">cuid</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">a</span> <span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">cuid</span> ....<span class="red">san/sean</span></b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>in <i>Connemara</i> instead of ár also <b class="red">ar</b>,
instead of bhur also <b class="red">'ur</b>, instead of d'
also <b class="red">t'</b> (e.g.: <i>t'uncail = your uncle</i>)
<br>
Sometimes instead of m' also <b class="red">mh'</b> comes up
(<i>mh'athair = my father</i>) <br>
In <i>Ulster</i> instead of bhur also <b class="red">mur</b>
at least in the pronunciation ([mur]). <br>
In <i>Connemara</i> there are also (except after mo and do) the following pronouns
<b class="red">seisean, sise, muide, sibhse, siadsan</b> as
the contrast form (e.g.: <i>ar leabhar muide = our book, 'ur gcarr sibhse =
your car</i>). This stronger contrast is often necessary, because there all
possessive pronouns (except mo, do) sound the same: a, a, a, ar, 'ur, a (all.:
[@])
<p><b class="red">The usage of cuid ( = part)</b>
<ul>
<li>used by <b>nouns in the plural</b> e.g.: <i>mo chuid leabhar = my books</i></li>
<li>also used by <b>nouns without a plural form or inquantifiable things</b>:
e.g.: <i>do chuid Gaeilge = your Irish, ár gcuid airgid = your money,
mo chuid bainne = my milk</i></li>
<li>the noun that follows noun is in the genitive (partitive genitive)</li>
<li>cuid is not used for solid, inherent property (e.g. body parts).( <i>mo
chosa = my feet</i>)</li>
<li>also by a <i><b>share of</b></i> with prep. <b>de</b> (partitive dative)
<i>mo chuid den obair = my work (my share of the work)</i></li>
<li>a consrast suffix is mostly added to the <i> following </i>noun, <i>not</i>
to cuid ( <i>Seo mo chuid bainnese! = That's my milk!</i>)</li>
</ul>
<b class="red">examples</b> <br>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td colspan="3"><b>preceding a consonant</b></td>
<td colspan="2"><b>preceding a vowel</b></td>
<td colspan="2"><b>plural</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Englist</b></td>
<td><b>Irish</b></td>
<td><b>Irish emphatic</b></td>
<td><b>English</b></td>
<td><b>Irish</b></td>
<td><b>English</b></td>
<td><b>Irish</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>my car</td>
<td><b class="red">mo</b> c<b class="lightgreen">h</b>arr</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">mo</b> c<b class="lightgreen">h</b>arr<b class="red">sa</b></td>
<td>my uncle</td>
<td><b class="red">m'</b>uncail</td>
<td nowrap>my cars</td>
<td><b><span class="red">mo c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">uid</span></b>
carranna</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>your car</td>
<td><b class="red">do</b> c<b class="lightgreen">h</b>arr</td>
<td><b class="red">do</b> c<b class="lightgreen">h</b>arr<b class="red">sa</b></td>
<td>your uncle</td>
<td><b class="red">d'</b>uncail</td>
<td>your cars</td>
<td><b><span class="red">do c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">uid</span></b> carranna</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>his car</td>
<td><b class="red">a</b> c<b class="lightgreen">h</b>arr</td>
<td><b class="red">a</b> c<b class="lightgreen">h</b>arr<b class="red">san</b></td>
<td>his uncle</td>
<td><b class="red">a </b>uncail</td>
<td>his cars</td>
<td><b><span class="red">a c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">uid</span></b>
carranna</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>her car</td>
<td><b class="red">a</b> carr</td>
<td><b class="red">a</b> carr<b class="red">sa</b></td>
<td>her uncle</td>
<td><b><span class="red">a </span><span class="lilac">h</span></b>uncail</td>
<td>her cars</td>
<td><b class="red">a cuid</b> carranna</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>our car</td>
<td><b class="red">ár</b> <b class="blue">g</b>carr</td>
<td><b class="red">ár</b> <b class="blue">g</b>carr<b class="red">na</b></td>
<td nowrap>our uncle</td>
<td><b class="red">ár</b> <b class="lilac">n-</b>uncail</td>
<td nowrap>our cars</td>
<td><b><span class="red">ár </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">cuid</span></b> carranna</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>your car</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">bhur</b> <b class="blue">g</b>carr</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">bhur</b> <b class="blue">g</b>carr<b class="red">sa</b></td>
<td>your uncle</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">bhur</b> <b class="lilac">n-</b>uncail</td>
<td>your cars</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">bhur </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">cuid</span></b> carranna</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>their car</td>
<td><b class="red">a</b> <b class="blue">g</b>carr</td>
<td><b class="red">a</b> <b class="blue">g</b>carr<b class="red">san</b></td>
<td>their uncle</td>
<td><b class="red">a</b> <b class="lilac">n-</b>uncail</td>
<td>their cars</td>
<td><b><span class="red">a </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">cuid</span></b> carranna</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b class="red">further examples:</b>
<br>
mo leabhar = my book
<br>mo leabharsa = <i>my</i> book
<br>mo chuid leabhar = my books
<br>mo chuid leabharsa = <i>my</i> books
<br>mo chuid Gaeilge = my Irish
<br>mo chuid Gaeilgese = <i>my</i> Irish
<h3 id="selbständig"><span class="lightgreen">substantive possessive
pronouns</span></h3>
<table border width="35%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>English</b></td>
<td><b>general</b></td>
<td><b>plural*</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mine</td>
<td><b><span class="red">mo c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">eannsa</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">mo c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">uidse</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>yours</td>
<td><b><span class="red">do c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">eannsa</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">do c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">uidse</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>his</td>
<td><b><span class="red">a c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">eannsan</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">a c</span><span class="lightgreen">h</span><span class="red">uidsean</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>hers</td>
<td class="red bold">a ceannsa</td>
<td class="red bold">a cuidse</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ours</td>
<td><b><span class="red">ár </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">ceann-na</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">ár </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">cuidne</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>yours</td>
<td><b><span class="red">bhur </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">ceannsa</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">bhur </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">cuidse</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>theirs</td>
<td><b><span class="red">a </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">ceannsan</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">a </span><span class="blue">g</span><span class="red">cuidsean</span></b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>* Plural form <i>also</i> for non-countable things in the singular. For persons
<b class="red">muintir</b> instead of <i>cuid</i> (<i>mo mhuintirse
= my (people)</i>)
<p>Words like"mine", "yours" etc. , also subst. possessive pronouns, that do not
require an additional noun are not present in Irish. <br>
In order to make statements like "mine", "yours", one uses the nouns <i>ceann</i>
("head") or <i>cuid</i> ("share") or <i>muintir</i> ("people"). <br>
By juxtaposition, ("my thing and yours") one simply repeats the noun ("mo rudsa
agus do rudsa").
<p><b class="red">examples:</b>
<br>
Sin é <i class="red">mo cheannsa</i> = That is <i class="red">mine</i>.
<br>
Sin é <i class="red">mo chuidse</i> = Those are <i class="red">mine</i>.
<br>
mo leabharsa agus <i class="red">do leabharsa</i> = my book
and <i class="red">yours</i> <br>
mo chuid leabharsa agus <i class="red">do chuidse</i> = my
books and <i class="red">yours</i> <br>
mo chuid Gaeilge agus <i class="red">do chuidse</i> = my Irish
and <i class="red">yours</i>
<p>Statements like <b>"the book is mine"</b> are not made with the possessive
pronouns, but with the preposition <a href="le.htm">le</a> as an expression
of <a href="modal.htm#besitzen">ownership</a>: <br>
Is <i class="red">liomsa</i> an leabhar = the book is <i class="red">mine</i>.
<br>
Is <i class="red">leatsa</i> an leabhar = the book is <i class="red">yours</i>.
<br>
Is <i class="red">linne</i> na bróga = the shoes are
<i class="red">ours</i>.
<h3 id="praeposition"><span class="lightgreen">prepositions und possessive pronouns</span></h3>
<p>Possessive pronominal forms of the prepositions: <br>
Some prepositions fuse with following possessive pronouns. These would be those
ensing in a vowel as well as, in certain usages, also <i>ar</i> (in the sense
of <i>after that</i>). <br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>-</b></td>
<td><b><a href="de.htm">de</a> (of)</b></td>
<td><b><a href="do.htm">do</a> (to)</b></td>
<td><b><a href="faoi.htm">faoi</a> (under)</b></td>
<td><b><a href="i.htm">i </a>(in)</b></td>
<td><b><a href="le.htm">le</a> (with)</b></td>
<td><b><a href="o.htm">ó</a> (from)</b></td>
<td><b><a href="tri.htm">trí</a> (through)</b></td>
<td><b><a href="sonpraep.htm#go">go</a> (with)</b></td>
<td><b><a href="ar.htm">ar</a> (on)</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>mo</b> (my)</td>
<td>de mo</td>
<td>do mo</td>
<td>faoi mo</td>
<td>i mo</td>
<td>le mo</td>
<td>ó mo</td>
<td>trí mo</td>
<td>go mo</td>
<td>ar mo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>do</b> (your)</td>
<td>de do</td>
<td>do do</td>
<td>faoi do</td>
<td>i do</td>
<td>le do</td>
<td>ó do</td>
<td>trí do</td>
<td>go do</td>
<td>ar do</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>a</b> (his)</td>
<td class="red bold">dá</td>
<td class="red bold">dá, á</td>
<td class="red bold">faoina</td>
<td class="red bold">ina</td>
<td class="red bold">lena</td>
<td class="red bold">óna</td>
<td class="red bold">trína</td>
<td class="red bold">gona</td>
<td><b class="red">arna</b>, ar a</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>a</b> (her)</td>
<td class="red bold">dá</td>
<td class="red bold">dá, á</td>
<td class="red bold">faoina</td>
<td class="red bold">ina</td>
<td class="red bold">lena</td>
<td class="red bold">óna</td>
<td class="red bold">trína</td>
<td class="red bold">gona</td>
<td><b class="red">arna</b>, ar a</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ár</b> (our)</td>
<td class="red bold">dár</td>
<td class="red bold">dár</td>
<td class="red bold">faoinár</td>
<td class="red bold">inár</td>
<td class="red bold">lenár</td>
<td class="red bold">ónár</td>
<td class="red bold">trínár</td>
<td class="red bold">gonár</td>
<td><b class="red">arnár</b>, ar ár</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>bhur</b> (your)(pl.)</td>
<td>de bhur</td>
<td>do bhur</td>
<td>faoi bhur</td>
<td class="red bold">in bhur</td>
<td>le bhur</td>
<td>ó bhur</td>
<td>trí bhur</td>
<td>go bhur</td>
<td>ar bhur</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>a</b> (their)</td>
<td class="red bold">dá</td>
<td class="red bold">dá, á</td>
<td class="red bold">faoina</td>
<td class="red bold">ina</td>
<td class="red bold">lena</td>
<td class="red bold">óna</td>
<td class="red bold">trína</td>
<td class="red bold">gona</td>
<td><b class="red">arna</b>, ar a</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In <i>Munster</i>, also in the 1st and 2nd persons one uses combinations: <br>
<b class="red">lem, led, óm, ód, dom, dod, im, id, fém, féd</b>, etc. instead of
<br><i>le mo, le do, ó mo, ó do, do mo, do do, i mo, i do, faoi mo, faoi do</i>. <br>
e.g.: <i>im leabhar < i mo leabhar = in my book</i>
<p>In <i>Munster</i> and <i>Connacht</i> there are in part also further combinations
in the 2nd person plural due to the mostly vowel-centered pronunciation of bhur
as [u:r] or [@]: <b class="red">le nbhur, ó nbhur, trí
nbhur</b>, etc. These do not apply as standard forms, because in the
standard, the consonantal pronunciation [vu:r] is favoured. Only <b class="red">in
bhur</b> has remained in the standard, wherby here, <i>"in"</i> is to
be seen as an alternative for the eclipsis in bhur.</p>
<p><b><i>Do (to):</i></b> By usage as the object of the verbal nouns in
the progressive and passive tenses: <b class="red">á</b>
instead of <b class="red">dá</b> <br>
e.g.: <i>Tá mé <u>á</u> mholadh = I praise him.</i> (lit.:
"am I <u>to his</u> praising") <br>
If it does not occur with a verbal noun, then <b class="red">dá</b>
instead of <b class="red">á</b> <br>
e.g.: <i>Thug mé <u>dá</u> chara é = I gave it to his friend</i>
(lit.: "gave I <u>to his</u> friend it") <br>
In <i>Connacht,</i> one uses <b class="red">dhá</b> in
both cases. <br>
In <i>Munster,</i> there are also special forms in der progressive of the 1st
and 2nd person: <b class="red">am, ad</b>, that most likely
actually belong to <i>ag</i> (otherwise <b class="red">dom, dod</b>)
<br>
e.g.: <i>Tá mé <u>ad</u> mholadh < Tá mé <u>do
do</u> mholadh = I praise you.</i> (lit.: "am I <u>to your</u> praising")
<p><b> <i>Go (with):</i> <span class="red">gona</span></b> is like go, archaic
and is only here for the sake of completeness. <br>
The common preposition <b><i>go (to)</i></b> does not used this form, instead
<i>go dtí a = to his</i>, but colloquially sometimes also combinations
like <b class="red">go dtína</b> = to his).
<p><b> <i>Ar (on):</i> <span class="red">arna</span></b> precedes only the
verbal noun in the meaning "after", "after that". Otherwise always <b class="red">ar
a</b>. <br>
<i>arna chur in eagar ag ... = published by...</i> ("after-his laying in order
by...") <br>
It is the rest of the archaic, eclipsis triggering preposition <i>iar = after</i>,
that falls together with a in modern Irish (iar n-a > iarna > arna).
<p>The <b>connecting consonant <span class="red">-n-</span></b> in ina, óna,
faoina, etc. was originally only common after i, go and iar (> ar) , while
these prepositions triggered eclipsis (ans also n-prefix) (<b>i n-a</b> >
ina, <b>go n-a</b> > gona, <b>iar n-a</b> > arna). <br>
With the other prepositions it was just added to the end (óna, faoina,
lena, trína)
<h3 id="verwendung"><span class="lightgreen">usage of the possessive pronounss</span></h3>
<ol>
<li>general belongings: <b>as in German/English</b>, <br>
e.g.: <i>mo charr = my car</i></li>
<li><b>Ownership:</b> poss.pron.+ object + féin, <br>
e.g.: <i>mo theach féin = my own house</i> (lit.: "my house myself")</li>
<li>with <a href="sonstig.htm#Dempron">demonstrative pronouns</a> (only 3rd
Person in the sense of "his") <br>
e.g: <i>Tá sí ina theach sin = She is there in his house</i>
(lit.: "is she in-his house there")</li>
<li>with <i>ceann , cuid:</i> s.o. (plural forms, subst. possessive pronouns)</li>
<li>als <b>genitive of the personal pronoun</b>, e.g.:
<ul type="disc">
<li>as a pronominal object in clauses of the <a href="verbnom1.htm#pronom.Objekt">progressive</a>
with the preposition <a href="do.htm">do</a>: <br>
e.g.: <i>Tá tú do mo bhualadh. = You're hitting me.</i></li>
<li>this has also a <b>passive meaning</b> by apposition and possessive
pronouns as well: <br>
e.g.: <i>Tá an teach á thóigeáil. = The house
is being built.</i> (lit.: "is the house to-his construction") <br>
or (with <i>féin</i>) a <b>reflexive meaning</b>: <br>
e.g.: <i>Tá tú do do bhualadh féin. = You're hitting
yourself.</i></li>
<li>less commonly as a pronominal object in <a href="verbnom1.htm#Infinitiv%20mit%20zu">infinitive
constructions</a>: <br>
e.g.: <i>chun a mbuailte = in order to hit her </i> ("lit.: to her hitting")</li>
<li>with <a href="genpraep.htm#abgeleitet">derived prepositions</a>: <br>
e.g.: <i>os mo chionn = above me</i> (lit.: "over my head")</li>
</ul>
<li>with <b>state of being verbs </b> (like standing, living, lying, sitting,
sleeping) with the <b>preposition </b><a href="i.htm">i</a>,
<br>
e.g.: <i>tá sé </i>ina<i> chónai i....= he lives in....</i>
(lit. "he is <i>in-his</i> living in...")</li>
<li><b>classification with i:</b> e.g: <i>tá mé i mo dhochtuir
= I'm a doctor</i> (see also <a href="bi_ina.htm">classification clauses without
the copula</a>)</li>
<li>In expressions like "as a threesome", "as a foursome" with the preposition
i and the appropriate <a href="zahl4.htm#pears">personal number</a> <br>
e.g.: <i>i m'aonar = (I) alone</i> ("by lonesome"), <i>inár tríúr
= (we) as a threesome, in bhur seachtar = (you) as a sevensome</i></li>
<li>The possessive pronouns of the 3rd person masculine <b class="red">a</b>
(= "his") with the <a href="adjektiv.htm">grad. abstract noun</a> in the meaning
<b>"how"</b>, <br>
e.g.: <i>a fheabhas í = a fheabhas atá sí = how good
she is</i> (lit.: "his goodness, that-is she") <br>
also in combination with cá (cá + a > <b class="red">cá</b>
= "how?") and de (de + a > <b class="red">dá</b>
= "however") <br>
e.g.: <i>cá fheabhas í = how good is she?, dá fheabhas
í = however good she is.</i></li>
<li>The possessive pronouns are <b><i class="red">not</i> used</b>
in certain cases. <br>
Instead of that, the article and a form of the preposition <a href="ag.htm">ag</a>
is used (often shorthand and contrast forms, often in a relative clause):
<ul type="disc">
<li>by nouns with <a href="sonstig.htm#Dempron">demonstrative pronouns</a>
(seo, sin, úd), except in the aforementioned (3rd) sense. <br>
e.g: <i>an teach seo 'amsa = an teach seo (atá) agamsa = this,
my house</i> <br>
This construction is often preferred as an alternative to possessive pronouns
(mostly: <i>an teach seo agamsa = my house</i> instead of the uncommon:
<i>mo theach</i>)</li>
<li>by nouns with the <a href="adjekt2.htm#Steigerungsform">comparative
form </a> in the sense of the superlative: <br>
e.g.: <i>an mac is sine (atá) agam = my eldest son</i></li>
<li>in the usage of <a href="zahl4.htm#ord">ordinal numbers</a> (1st, 2nd,
3rd etc.) <br>
e.g: <i>an chéad mhac (atá) aige = his first son</i></li>
</ul>
<li>It is also <b><i class="red">not</i> used</b> in the address
form. <br>
Instead of that, one uses only the <a href="sonstig.htm#vokativpartikel">vocative
particle </a>. <br>
e.g.: <i>a chara = my friend!</i></li>
</ol>
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