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indir.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>Indirect speech</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a Trí Déag: Sentences and Syntax (abairt agus comhréir)</h1>
<h1><i class="red">indirect speech (an chlaoninsint)</i></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<p>One can either present something thought or said word for word with quotes ( = direct speech), or one converts that which was said into a subordinating clause (= indirect speech)
<p>for example:
<p><table bgcolor="FFFFCC" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<tr><td><b>direct speech </b></td>
<td><b>indirect speech:</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>"Tá sé ag cur an cóta air" arsa mé</i></td>
<td><i>Dúirt mé gur chuir sé an cóta air</i></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>"He's putting on the coat " I said.</td>
<td>I said that he put on the coat.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><i>"Cuir ort an cóta!" ar sise.</i></td>
<td><i>Dúirt sé leis an cóta a chur air.</i></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>"Put on the coat !" she said.</td>
<td>She told him that he should put on the coat.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i>"Cuireadh Pól an chota air!", I said </i></td>
<td><i>Dúirt mise Pól an cóta a chur air.</i></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>I said: "Paul should put on the coat!"</td>
<td>I said that Paul should put on the coatl.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>As one can see, indirect speech causes a few changes in the sentence structure.
<p>Here are a few <b>rules:</b>
<p><b class="red">the verb "to say" </b>
<br>
In direct speech, it's mostly the <a href="defekt.htm">defect verb</a> <b>ar</b> (with a pronoun of the 3rd person) or. <b>arsa</b> (with other pronouns and nouns).
<br>
ar/arsa is indefinite in tense (said)
<br>
In indirect speech, ar/arsa cannot be used. (Instead one must always take a form of the verb <a href="abair.htm">abair</a>.)
<br>
As well, ar/arsa can only come <i>after</i> the quoted speech, <i>before that </i> one would also have to use a form of abair in direct speech.
<p>Instead of <i>to say </i> one can also use other verbs like<i> order, ask, bid, wish, think, mean etc.</i>
<p><b class="red">tense</b>
<br>
If the main clause is in the <b><i>preterite</i></b>, the tense for the indirect speech changes to:
<br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr><td><b>direct speech</b></td>
<td><b>indirect speech</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>present</td>
<td>preterite</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>habitual present </td>
<td>conditional</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>future</td>
<td>conditional</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>subjunctive present </td>
<td>subjunctive preterite<br>
<i>or </i>conditional<br>
<i>or </i>verbal noun </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>imperative</td>
<td>verbal noun </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>neg. imperative </td>
<td>gan + verbal noun </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The imperative is <b><i>always</i></b> given as the verbal noun (no matter if the main clause is in the preterite)
<br>
By an imperative of the 3rd person ("He should ..") the form subject + verbal noun.(see 2nd example above)
<br>
The subjunctive present is given as the verbal noun only in the case of wishes (optative).
<p><b class="red">conjunction/particle</b>
<p>Usually, indirect speech is introduced via <b class="red">go / nach</b> (that / that not) <br>
<i>Dúirt sé go mbeadh sé ann = He said he would be there </i>
<br>
<i>Dúirt sí nach raibh sé ann = She said that he wasn't there.</i>
<p>If the verb stands as the <b>verbal noun</b>, then use an infinitive construction ("infinitive with/without to ")
<br>
<i>Dúirt sé le Pól imeacht = He told Paul
he should (be) go(ing).</i>
<br>
<i>Dúirt sé le Pól tae a ól = He told Paul
he should (be) drink(ing) tea.</i>
<p>In <b>copular clauses, </b> the copular form <b class="red">gur / nach</b>
is most common <br>
<i>Dúirt sé gur mhaith leis tae = He said that he would like tea.</i>
<br>
<i>Deir sí nach maith léi tae = She said that she doesn't like tea.</i>
<p><b>Indirect questions </b> are introduced with the appropriate interrogatives (<b class="red">an, cé, cad, cá, conas</b>, etc.) , instead of <i>an</i> also <b class="red">má</b>.
<br>
<i>D'fhiafraigh sí de <b>ar</b> mhaith leis tae = She asked him if he would like tea.</i>
<br>
<i>D'fhiafraigh sí de <b>cá</b> raibh an cailín óg = She asked him where the young girl was.</i>
<br>
<i>Ní sé <b>cé</b> a rinne é = He asked himself who had done it.</i>
<p><b>Indirect double questions </b> (if or if not) are denoted by <b class="red">cé acu</b> or <b class="red">an</b> in the first part and <b class="red">nó nach</b> in the second:
<br>
<i>D'fhiafraigh sí de <b>cé acu</b> a bhí sé sásta <b>nó nach</b> raibh = She asked him if he was satisfied or not </i>
<p>Real <b>conditional clauses </b> in the future tense come after main clauses in the preterite in the conditional and are introduced with <b>dá</b> instead of <b>má</b>.
<p><b class="red">temporal adverbs</b>
<br>
If the main clause is in the <b><i>preterite, </i></b>the temporal adverb also must be changed.
<br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td width="93"><b>translation </b></td>
<td width="137"><b>direct speech</b></td>
<td width="145"><b>indirect speech</b></td>
<td width="169"><b>literally</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>today</td>
<td>inniu</td>
<td>an lá sin</td>
<td>"that day "</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>yesterday</td>
<td>inné</td>
<td>an lá roimhe sin</td>
<td>"that day before"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>day before last </td>
<td>arú inné</td>
<td>dhá lá roimhe sin</td>
<td>"2 days before that "</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tomorrow</td>
<td>amárach</td>
<td>an lá arna mhárach</td>
<td>"the day after-its morning "</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>day after next</td>
<td>arú amárach</td>
<td>i gceann dhá lá</td>
<td>"ahead 2 days "</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tonight</td>
<td>anocht</td>
<td>an oíche sin</td>
<td>"that night "</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>last night </td>
<td>aréir</td>
<td>an oíche roimhe sin</td>
<td>"night before that"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>this year </td>
<td>i mbliana</td>
<td>an bhliain sin</td>
<td>"that year "</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>last year </td>
<td>anuraidh</td>
<td>an bhliain roimhe sin</td>
<td>"year before that "</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>next year </td>
<td>an bhliain seo chugainn</td>
<td>an bhliain a bhí chugainn</td>
<td>"the year, that to-us was"</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<tr><td><b>direct</b></td>
<td><b>indirect</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>"Ach beidh mé ann anocht" arsa mé</i></td>
<td><i>Dúirt mé go mbeinn ann an oíche
sin </i></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>"But tonight I will be there," I said </td>
<td>I said that tonight I would be there.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b class="red">demonstrative pronouns and adverbs</b>
<br>
If the main clause and the indirect speech are in the 3rd person, the demonstrative part changes, d.h. <i>this </i>becomes <i> that, here </i>becomes<i> there.</i>
<br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
<td><b>direct</b></td>
<td><b>indirect</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>here</td>
<td>anseo</td>
<td>ansin, ansiúd, ann</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>this</td>
<td>seo </td>
<td><i>pron.: </i>sin, siúd
<br>
<i>adject.: </i>sin, úd</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>"Bhí sé anseo" arsa Seán - Dúirt
Seán go raibh sé ansin (Seán said that he was here)
<p>
<hr>
<center><a href="#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="satz1.htm">Sentences and Syntax</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
</center>
<hr>
<center><font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2003</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/indir.htm">view original German</a></body>
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