diff --git a/404.html b/404.html index 0cf0d94fca..46972881fd 100644 --- a/404.html +++ b/404.html @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ - + @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Blog GitHub - (opens new window)

404 - Not Found

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+ (opens new window)

404 - Not Found

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- + diff --git a/adoption/all/index.html b/adoption/all/index.html index e4afa090f4..cd33655ef5 100644 --- a/adoption/all/index.html +++ b/adoption/all/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -82,6 +82,6 @@
BDK Foundation

Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

- + diff --git a/adoption/custodial/index.html b/adoption/custodial/index.html index 93617382f7..382dcf930b 100644 --- a/adoption/custodial/index.html +++ b/adoption/custodial/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -82,6 +82,6 @@
BDK Foundation

Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

- + diff --git a/adoption/desktop/index.html b/adoption/desktop/index.html index a1066f87de..3f3ae91dec 100644 --- a/adoption/desktop/index.html +++ b/adoption/desktop/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -82,6 +82,6 @@
BDK Foundation

Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

- + diff --git a/adoption/exchange/index.html b/adoption/exchange/index.html index 46ee6f1e24..96775860c3 100644 --- a/adoption/exchange/index.html +++ b/adoption/exchange/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -82,6 +82,6 @@
BDK Foundation

Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

- + diff --git a/adoption/hardware/index.html b/adoption/hardware/index.html index e11f2b33b6..664fb39ebb 100644 --- a/adoption/hardware/index.html +++ b/adoption/hardware/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -84,6 +84,6 @@
BDK Foundation

Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

- + diff --git a/adoption/infrastructure/index.html b/adoption/infrastructure/index.html index d2ce3707cd..a829a13d72 100644 --- a/adoption/infrastructure/index.html +++ b/adoption/infrastructure/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -78,6 +78,6 @@
BDK Foundation

Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

- + diff --git a/adoption/mobile/index.html b/adoption/mobile/index.html index eec230865c..707efa21a0 100644 --- a/adoption/mobile/index.html +++ b/adoption/mobile/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -84,6 +84,6 @@
BDK Foundation

Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

- + diff --git a/adoption/web/index.html b/adoption/web/index.html index 20e3a4c01f..35dd0b6a1a 100644 --- a/adoption/web/index.html +++ b/adoption/web/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -82,6 +82,6 @@
BDK Foundation

Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

- + diff --git a/assets/js/21.ace15d2d.js b/assets/js/21.ba9955f1.js similarity index 99% rename from assets/js/21.ace15d2d.js rename to assets/js/21.ba9955f1.js index dadb41c55d..45801a0b39 100644 --- a/assets/js/21.ace15d2d.js +++ b/assets/js/21.ba9955f1.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[21],{366:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_complete_app.e382f61c.png"},367:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/default_rn_app.9e60b4fb.png"},368:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/folder_structure.d1c95bd6.png"},369:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_title.289f266d.png"},370:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_tutorial_screen_mnemonic.9963c418.png"},371:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_tutorial_screen_createwallet.916f2610.png"},372:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_get_balance.75af17bf.png"},373:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_get_address.4f570fb2.png"},374:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_get_restore.134b3681.png"},375:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_send.4e9dbc4a.png"},413:function(t,a,s){"use strict";s.r(a);var n=s(7),e=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var t=this,a=t._self._c;return a("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[a("h2",{attrs:{id:"introduction"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#introduction"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Introduction")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" is the "),a("strong",[t._v("Bitcoin Dev kit")]),t._v("'s "),a("strong",[t._v("React Native")]),t._v(" library which enables building bitcoin applications for Android and iOS mobile platforms. Using "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" does not require knowledge of the underlying bitcoin or BDK API. Using "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" is similar to using any other RN module. Just do "),a("code",[t._v("yarn add bdk-rn")]),t._v(" and you are ready to code! This is the first tutorial on how to use "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(", more coming soon, make sure to "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/BitcoinZavior?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("follow"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" to be notified of new ones. In case you missed it, there is a recorded "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" focused Twitch Livestream available on the "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMpWA875go4",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Bitcoin Developers"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" YouTube channel which covers most of this article, make sure to subscribe to Bitcoin Developers "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUq_ZdezVWKPvkWRicAYxLA/videos",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("YouTube Channel"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" for more bitcoin development videos.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("In this tutorial, we will explore "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" usage and the API it provides. This guide will walk through the development process and code for making a bitcoin application. The bitcoin application we create will be a non-custodial HD Wallet. The application will have the functionality to create a new wallet or restore from a known mnemonic seed phrase. This application will also be able to interact with the bitcoin network to sync UTXOs from new blocks and broadcast transactions.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("The tutorial will focus on bitcoin and "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" concepts and API. So it will gloss over React Native aspects. 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Here are some links for reference:")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch04.asciidoc",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Mastering Bitcoin(HD Wallet chapter)"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/descriptors.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Bitcoin Output Descriptors from bitcoin GitHub"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Now let's jump into Bitcoin Dev Kit")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"bitcoin-dev-kit-and-bdk-rn"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#bitcoin-dev-kit-and-bdk-rn"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Bitcoin Dev Kit and bdk-rn")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" is a React Native library of Bitcoin Dev Kit(BDK) for building React Native Apps.\nIt encapsulates all of the low-level APIs and methods for BDK and exposes them in a react native context. To use BDK in React Native(RN) apps only the "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" module is required. 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To achieve this add the following code.")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// screens/home.js")]),t._v("\n\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// add this as another state variable under mnemonic")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("displayText"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" setDisplayText"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("useState")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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We created a button click event handler to call bdk-rn. Set the display state variable to display the output of the call in the display section. We will follow this pattern for the remaining calls to bdk-rn.")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"creating-a-wallet"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#creating-a-wallet"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Creating a wallet")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Before moving on to creating a wallet, let's add a section at the top to display the balance of the wallet.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("To display the balance we will need a state variable to store the balance and a display section to display it.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Under the "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("displayText")]),t._v(" variables, let's add one for "),a("code",[t._v("balance")]),t._v(" as well")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[t._v("\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-variable function"}},[t._v("Home")]),t._v(" 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function"}},[t._v("useState")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("Now we need some "),a("code",[t._v("jsx")]),t._v(" code to display the balance.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Just below "),a("code",[t._v("{/* Balance */}")]),t._v(" and above "),a("code",[t._v("{*/ method call result */}")]),t._v(" add the following UI components to display the balance. We only want to show the balance when it has a value so we will use a tertiary operator for a quick check.")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[t._v("\t\t\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("/* Balance */")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n\t\t\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("View")])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("style")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script language-javascript"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script-punctuation punctuation"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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function"}},[t._v("stringify")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("data"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("A new button will be required to trigger "),a("code",[t._v("createWallet")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Let's add a new button just above "),a("code",[t._v("{/* input boxes and send transaction button */}")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[t._v("\t\t\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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attr-name"}},[t._v("onPress")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script language-javascript"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script-punctuation punctuation"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("createWallet"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("/>")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("/* input boxes and send transaction button */")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("The response returned by "),a("code",[t._v("createWallet")]),t._v(" is a new address for the created wallet.")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string-property property"}},[t._v('"data"')]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string-property property"}},[t._v('"address"')]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"tb1qxg8g8cdzgs09cttu3y7lc33udqc4wsesunjnhe"')]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string-property property"}},[t._v('"error"')]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token boolean"}},[t._v("false")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("The App should now be creating a wallet when we click "),a("strong",[t._v("Create Mnemonic")]),t._v(" followed by "),a("strong",[t._v("Create Wallet")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),a("img",{staticStyle:{display:"block",margin:"0 auto",zoom:"50%"},attrs:{src:s(371)}}),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("The wallet created is a HD wallet and the address displayed is the 0 index address for the wallet. The path used by default is 84'/1'/0'/0/* for addresses and 84'/1'/0'/1/* for change.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("As we specified "),a("code",[t._v("testnet")]),t._v(" and did not specify "),a("code",[t._v("blockChainName")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("blockChainConfigUrl")]),t._v(" a default testnet server will be used as the bitcoin node, "),a("code",[t._v("ssl://electrum.blockstream.info")]),t._v(" is the default url used for testnet.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Using "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(" is a quick way to create a new wallet with "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(". The "),a("code",[t._v("createWallet()")]),t._v(" method in "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" has many optional arguments to configure the wallet. In addition to mnemonic, a wallet can also be created with a descriptor. If a descriptor is passed as an argument the wallet will be created using the descriptor. When using a descriptor, arguments for network, password and mnemonic are not required. "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" has a "),a("code",[t._v("createDescriptor()")]),t._v(" method to create a descriptor. More about output descriptors "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/descriptors.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("here"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". Refer to the "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn#createdescriptor",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("readme"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" for all options available when creating output descriptors with "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// using a descriptor to create wallet ")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" response "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("await")]),t._v(" BdkRn"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("createWallet")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token literal-property property"}},[t._v("descriptor")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'tprv8ZgxMBicQKsPd3G66kPkZEuJZgUK9QXJRYCwnCtYLJjEZmw8xFjCxGoyx533AL83XFcSQeuVmVeJbZai5RTBxDp71Abd2FPSyQumRL79BKw'")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("Other arguments for "),a("code",[t._v("createWallet()")]),t._v(" are:")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("blockChainName")]),t._v(": Blockchain backend to use, like "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/romanz/electrs",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[a("code",[t._v("electrum")]),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(", "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/Blockstream/esplora",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[a("code",[t._v("esplora")]),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(", "),a("code",[t._v("compact-filters")]),t._v(" ("),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0157.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("BIP157"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(") and Bitcoin Core. "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" at the moment doesn't support compact-filters and Bitcoin Core, this will be added shortly in a future release.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("blockChainConfigUrl")]),t._v(": This is the url of the specified bitcoin node this should match the chain and the type of blockchain specified as "),a("strong",[t._v("blockChainName")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Refer to "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn#createwallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("readme"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" for a complete list of options for "),a("code",[t._v("createWallet")])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"utxos-and-balance"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#utxos-and-balance"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" UTXOs and balance")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("With the wallet created, we can now add methods to sync UTXOs compute balance.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" has a "),a("code",[t._v("syncWallet")]),t._v(" method to sync all UTXOs belonging to the wallet with the bitcoin network, the specified "),a("code",[t._v("blockChainName")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("blockChainConfigUrl")]),t._v(" is used to sync. Once the wallet sync is complete balance is computed and "),a("code",[t._v("getBalance")]),t._v(" can fetch the balance.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Earlier we have aleady added state variables for"),a("code",[t._v("syncResponse")]),t._v("and "),a("code",[t._v("balance")]),t._v(". Now we will add buttons to call "),a("code",[t._v("syncWallet")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("getBalance")]),t._v(". Just below the Create Wallet button lets add two buttons as follows:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Button")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("title")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("Sync Wallet"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("style")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script language-javascript"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script-punctuation 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"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("title")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("Get Balance"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("style")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script language-javascript"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script-punctuation punctuation"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("styles"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("methodButton"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("onPress")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script language-javascript"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script-punctuation punctuation"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("getBalance"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("/>")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("")])]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("And two click handlers below createWallet:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-variable function"}},[t._v("syncWallet")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("async")]),t._v(" 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Before we do that add one more method to generate a new address we can then use this address to get testnet coins from a faucet.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Let's add a state variable for "),a("code",[t._v("address")]),t._v(", a button for "),a("strong",[t._v("Get Address")]),t._v(" and a click event handler to call "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" and create a new address. Let's do the following")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Add "),a("code",[t._v("address")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("setAddress")]),t._v(" state variables below balance and "),a("code",[t._v("setBalance")]),t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("address"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" setAddress"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("useState")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("setDisplayText")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("data"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("And a Get Address button below the existing Get Balance button:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Button")])]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("title")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("getAddress"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")])]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("/>")])]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("We should now have the following, and Get Address will be able to display a new address.")]),t._v(" "),a("img",{staticStyle:{display:"block",margin:"0px auto",zoom:"50%"},attrs:{src:s(373)}}),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Now that we are able to generate a receive address we can get some testnet bitcoin from one of the public "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://coinfaucet.eu/en/btc-testnet/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("testnet faucets"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("After we send and after the transaction is confirmed we will need to sync the wallet before we can see the new balance from the received transaction.")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"restoring-wallet"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#restoring-wallet"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Restoring wallet")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("The "),a("code",[t._v("createWallet")]),t._v(" method creates a wallet using a "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(", in order to restore we can use the same method, we won't need to call "),a("code",[t._v("generateMnemonic")]),t._v(" as we will already have a "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(" to restore with.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Let's add an input box to enter our own "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(", we will use the "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(" entered in the input box to create a wallet.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Let's add an input box for "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(" below the Generate Mnemonic button.")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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display the mnemonic state variable in the input box, if we click Generate Mnemonic the generated mnemonic will show up in the input box. We can overwrite it with our own mnemonic and doing so will also overwrite the mnemonic state variable. This way the mnemonic displayed will be the one used to create the wallet.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("we are already using the mnemonic state variable in the "),a("code",[t._v("createWallet")]),t._v(" Method so no other changes are required.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("We can now use our own mnemonic and use it to restore a wallet. This will come in handy if we have a wallet with testnet bitcoin as these are hard to come by.")]),t._v(" "),a("img",{staticStyle:{display:"block",margin:"0px auto",zoom:"50%"},attrs:{src:s(374)}}),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"sending-bitcoin"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#sending-bitcoin"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Sending bitcoin")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("We are now able to receive bitcoin, time to add functionality to send as well.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" has a number of transaction-related methods to enable varied use cases. A new send transaction can be created and broadcast using "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn#quicksend",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("quickSend()"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". If required an unsigned transaction can be created using "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn#createtransaction",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("createTransaction()"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" , this can be signed later with "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn#signtransaction",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("signTransactioin()"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" method and broadcast using "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn#broadcasttransaction",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("broadcastTransaction()"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". There are also methods to query transactions by pending or confirmed status and all transactions. Please refer to "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn/blob/main/README.md#gettransactions",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("readme"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" for more details on all the methods.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("We will need state variables for recipient address and amount as well as for transaction, these can be added below our existing variables for syncResponse and address")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("syncResponse"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" setSyncResponse"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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We will need an input box for the receiver address and an input box for the amount to send. We will also need a button to trigger the transaction.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Let's add the send transaction section and UI components below "),a("code",[t._v("{/* input boxes and send transaction button */}")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("/* input boxes and send transaction button */")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("View")])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("style")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script language-javascript"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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punctuation"}},[t._v("}")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("/>")])]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token plain-text"}},[t._v("\n ")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("")])]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token plain-text"}},[t._v("\n ")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("")])]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("We should now be able to send a transaction as long as there is sufficient balance.")]),t._v(" "),a("img",{staticStyle:{display:"block",margin:"0px auto",zoom:"50%"},attrs:{src:s(375)}}),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"conclusion"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#conclusion"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Conclusion")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("The App we created can be built and distributed for both iOS and Android thus sharing a code base and reducing development time. The development and coding focused on application-level code for use cases and we did not have to code intricate internal bitcoin protocol-level code or bitcoin node interactions, and transactions. UTXOs and sync-related functionalities were also not required. All this was managed by "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" allowing us to focus on the product, functionality and user journey. This is how "),a("code",[t._v("bdk")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" intend to make Rapid Bitcoin Application Development possible by allowing product and application developers to focus on what they know best while "),a("code",[t._v("bdk")]),t._v(" handles bitcoin complexity.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" intends to expose functionality and APIs from "),a("code",[t._v("bdk")]),t._v(" which has a wide variety of API with granular details allowing for many interesting use cases to be implemented. "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("bdk")]),t._v(" are constantly updated and enhanced based on feedback from product teams and developers in the bitcoin community.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Stay tuned for more APIs and enhancements coming to "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" in the near future. Feature and API requests are most welcome. New blogs and tutorials will be published soon for a more in-depth exploration of bdk-rn.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("In the meantime keep in touch with the project by following on "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("GitHub"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" and "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/BitcoinZavior",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Twitter"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("h4",{attrs:{id:"references"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#references"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" References:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("bdk"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("bdk-rn"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMpWA875go4",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Bitcoin Developers YouTube"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/BdkRnQuickStart",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("BdkRnQuickStart App GitHub Repository"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://reactnative.dev/docs/environment-setup",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Setup React Native Development Environment"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch04.asciidoc",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Mastering Bitcoin(HD Wallet chapter)"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/descriptors.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Bitcoin Output Descriptors from bitcoin GitHub"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("Testnet Faucet: "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://coinfaucet.eu/en/btc-testnet/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("https://coinfaucet.eu/en/btc-testnet/"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" or "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinfaucet.uo1.net",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("https://bitcoinfaucet.uo1.net"),a("OutboundLink")],1)])])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);a.default=e.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[21],{366:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_complete_app.e382f61c.png"},367:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/default_rn_app.9e60b4fb.png"},368:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/folder_structure.d1c95bd6.png"},369:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_title.289f266d.png"},370:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_tutorial_screen_mnemonic.9963c418.png"},371:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_tutorial_screen_createwallet.916f2610.png"},372:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_get_balance.75af17bf.png"},373:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_get_address.4f570fb2.png"},374:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_get_restore.134b3681.png"},375:function(t,a,s){t.exports=s.p+"assets/img/bdk_rn_send.4e9dbc4a.png"},414:function(t,a,s){"use strict";s.r(a);var n=s(7),e=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var t=this,a=t._self._c;return a("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[a("h2",{attrs:{id:"introduction"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#introduction"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Introduction")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" is the "),a("strong",[t._v("Bitcoin Dev kit")]),t._v("'s "),a("strong",[t._v("React Native")]),t._v(" library which enables building bitcoin applications for Android and iOS mobile platforms. Using "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" does not require knowledge of the underlying bitcoin or BDK API. Using "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" is similar to using any other RN module. Just do "),a("code",[t._v("yarn add bdk-rn")]),t._v(" and you are ready to code! This is the first tutorial on how to use "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(", more coming soon, make sure to "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/BitcoinZavior?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("follow"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" to be notified of new ones. In case you missed it, there is a recorded "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" focused Twitch Livestream available on the "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMpWA875go4",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Bitcoin Developers"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" YouTube channel which covers most of this article, make sure to subscribe to Bitcoin Developers "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUq_ZdezVWKPvkWRicAYxLA/videos",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("YouTube Channel"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" for more bitcoin development videos.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("In this tutorial, we will explore "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" usage and the API it provides. This guide will walk through the development process and code for making a bitcoin application. The bitcoin application we create will be a non-custodial HD Wallet. The application will have the functionality to create a new wallet or restore from a known mnemonic seed phrase. This application will also be able to interact with the bitcoin network to sync UTXOs from new blocks and broadcast transactions.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("The tutorial will focus on bitcoin and "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" concepts and API. So it will gloss over React Native aspects. The code for this tutorial is available on the "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/BdkRnQuickStart",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("LtbLightning GitHub"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("img",{staticStyle:{display:"block",margin:"0 auto",zoom:"50%"},attrs:{src:s(366),alt:"BDK RN Quick Start"}}),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"prerequisites"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#prerequisites"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Prerequisites")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("In order to use "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" in a React Native App, a React Native development environment is required. Please refer to resources out there on the internet if you need to set this up, here is one of many good resources to guide you on "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://reactnative.dev/docs/environment-setup",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("environment setup"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"bitcoin-basics"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#bitcoin-basics"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Bitcoin Basics")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("The bitcoin concepts used in this blog post are detailed and explained very well in external bitcoin resources. Here are some links for reference:")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch04.asciidoc",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Mastering Bitcoin(HD Wallet chapter)"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/descriptors.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Bitcoin Output Descriptors from bitcoin GitHub"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Now let's jump into Bitcoin Dev Kit")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"bitcoin-dev-kit-and-bdk-rn"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#bitcoin-dev-kit-and-bdk-rn"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Bitcoin Dev Kit and bdk-rn")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" is a React Native library of Bitcoin Dev Kit(BDK) for building React Native Apps.\nIt encapsulates all of the low-level APIs and methods for BDK and exposes them in a react native context. To use BDK in React Native(RN) apps only the "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" module is required. "),a("code",[t._v("Bdk-rn")]),t._v(" can be used like any other react native library and is available on "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.npmjs.com/package/bdk-rn",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("public package managers(npm and yarn)"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"getting-started"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#getting-started"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Getting Started")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Although we won't delve deep into RN we will focus more on bitcoin and bdk-rn, however, some rudimentary RN setup is required, especially a basic RN app to add our code.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("start by creating a new RN project.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v("npx react-native init BdkRnQuickStart")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("If this fails in an error on an M1/M2 Mac please use\n"),a("code",[t._v("arch -x86_64 pod install --repo-update")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Once done "),a("code",[t._v("cd")]),t._v(" into the new project directory and run the basic RN app that's created")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[t._v("cd")]),t._v(" BdkRnQuickStart\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("yarn")]),t._v(" ios\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("This should start building the app and launch the app in a simulator. So far we have created a basic RN project if this doesn't work then refer to the React Native development setup guide to troubleshoot.")]),t._v(" "),a("img",{staticStyle:{display:"block",margin:"0 auto",zoom:"25%"},attrs:{src:s(367)}}),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"setting-up-styles-and-rn-app-structure"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#setting-up-styles-and-rn-app-structure"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Setting up styles and RN app structure")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Let's set up a very basic app structure and some RN scaffolding. Let's create an "),a("code",[t._v("src")]),t._v(" folder in the project root and inside it add new folders for "),a("code",[t._v("assets")]),t._v(", "),a("code",[t._v("elements")]),t._v(", "),a("code",[t._v("screens")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("styles")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("To make this quick you can download the styles and images used in the tutorial from the repository. The image assets, "),a("code",[t._v("Button.tsx")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("styles.js")]),t._v(" can be taken from "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/BdkRnQuickStart/tree/master/src",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("here"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" and moved to the folders as shown. Alternatively, you can write your own styles and use your own images if you intend to style the app in a different way.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Create a "),a("code",[t._v("home.js")]),t._v(" file under "),a("code",[t._v("screens")]),t._v(" folder, this will be where we will be adding most of the code.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Once done the project structure should look like this:")]),t._v(" "),a("img",{staticStyle:{display:"block",margin:"0px auto",zoom:"67%"},attrs:{src:s(368)}}),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Locate "),a("code",[t._v("App.js")]),t._v(" in the project root, this will have the default code added by "),a("code",[t._v("react-native init")]),t._v(", let's delete all contents of "),a("code",[t._v("App.js")]),t._v(" and replace it with code to import "),a("code",[t._v("home.js")]),t._v(" as our main screen.")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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fine, it will be fixed in the next step.")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"installing-bdk-rn"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#installing-bdk-rn"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Installing "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("With the RN app project in place, we can now add "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" using either npm or yarn.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Using npm:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("npm")]),t._v(" i "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[t._v("--save")]),t._v(" bdk-rn\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("Using yarn:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("yarn")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("add")]),t._v(" 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We will also need a button which will invoke generateMnemonic when clicked. 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To achieve this add the following code.")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// screens/home.js")]),t._v("\n\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// add this as another state variable under mnemonic")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("displayText"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" setDisplayText"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("useState")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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*/}")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// screens/home.js")]),t._v("\n\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("/* method call result */")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// display the component only if displayText has a value")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("displayText "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&&")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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We created a button click event handler to call bdk-rn. Set the display state variable to display the output of the call in the display section. We will follow this pattern for the remaining calls to bdk-rn.")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"creating-a-wallet"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#creating-a-wallet"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Creating a wallet")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Before moving on to creating a wallet, let's add a section at the top to display the balance of the wallet.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("To display the balance we will need a state variable to store the balance and a display section to display it.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Under the "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("displayText")]),t._v(" variables, let's add one for "),a("code",[t._v("balance")]),t._v(" as well")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[t._v("\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-variable function"}},[t._v("Home")]),t._v(" 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We only want to show the balance when it has a value so we will use a tertiary operator for a quick check.")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[t._v("\t\t\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("/* Balance */")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n\t\t\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("View")])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("style")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script language-javascript"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script-punctuation punctuation"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token boolean"}},[t._v("false")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("The App should now be creating a wallet when we click "),a("strong",[t._v("Create Mnemonic")]),t._v(" followed by "),a("strong",[t._v("Create Wallet")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),a("img",{staticStyle:{display:"block",margin:"0 auto",zoom:"50%"},attrs:{src:s(371)}}),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("The wallet created is a HD wallet and the address displayed is the 0 index address for the wallet. The path used by default is 84'/1'/0'/0/* for addresses and 84'/1'/0'/1/* for change.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("As we specified "),a("code",[t._v("testnet")]),t._v(" and did not specify "),a("code",[t._v("blockChainName")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("blockChainConfigUrl")]),t._v(" a default testnet server will be used as the bitcoin node, "),a("code",[t._v("ssl://electrum.blockstream.info")]),t._v(" is the default url used for testnet.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Using "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(" is a quick way to create a new wallet with "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(". The "),a("code",[t._v("createWallet()")]),t._v(" method in "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" has many optional arguments to configure the wallet. In addition to mnemonic, a wallet can also be created with a descriptor. If a descriptor is passed as an argument the wallet will be created using the descriptor. When using a descriptor, arguments for network, password and mnemonic are not required. "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" has a "),a("code",[t._v("createDescriptor()")]),t._v(" method to create a descriptor. More about output descriptors "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/descriptors.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("here"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". Refer to the "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn#createdescriptor",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("readme"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" for all options available when creating output descriptors with "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// using a descriptor to create wallet ")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" response "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("await")]),t._v(" BdkRn"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("createWallet")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token literal-property property"}},[t._v("descriptor")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'tprv8ZgxMBicQKsPd3G66kPkZEuJZgUK9QXJRYCwnCtYLJjEZmw8xFjCxGoyx533AL83XFcSQeuVmVeJbZai5RTBxDp71Abd2FPSyQumRL79BKw'")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("Other arguments for "),a("code",[t._v("createWallet()")]),t._v(" are:")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("blockChainName")]),t._v(": Blockchain backend to use, like "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/romanz/electrs",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[a("code",[t._v("electrum")]),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(", "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/Blockstream/esplora",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[a("code",[t._v("esplora")]),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(", "),a("code",[t._v("compact-filters")]),t._v(" ("),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0157.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("BIP157"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(") and Bitcoin Core. "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" at the moment doesn't support compact-filters and Bitcoin Core, this will be added shortly in a future release.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("blockChainConfigUrl")]),t._v(": This is the url of the specified bitcoin node this should match the chain and the type of blockchain specified as "),a("strong",[t._v("blockChainName")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Refer to "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn#createwallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("readme"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" for a complete list of options for "),a("code",[t._v("createWallet")])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"utxos-and-balance"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#utxos-and-balance"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" UTXOs and balance")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("With the wallet created, we can now add methods to sync UTXOs compute balance.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" has a "),a("code",[t._v("syncWallet")]),t._v(" method to sync all UTXOs belonging to the wallet with the bitcoin network, the specified "),a("code",[t._v("blockChainName")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("blockChainConfigUrl")]),t._v(" is used to sync. Once the wallet sync is complete balance is computed and "),a("code",[t._v("getBalance")]),t._v(" can fetch the balance.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Earlier we have aleady added state variables for"),a("code",[t._v("syncResponse")]),t._v("and "),a("code",[t._v("balance")]),t._v(". Now we will add buttons to call "),a("code",[t._v("syncWallet")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("getBalance")]),t._v(". Just below the Create Wallet button lets add two buttons as follows:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Button")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("title")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("Sync Wallet"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("style")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script language-javascript"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script-punctuation 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"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("title")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("Get Balance"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("style")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script language-javascript"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script-punctuation punctuation"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("styles"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("methodButton"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("onPress")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script language-javascript"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script-punctuation punctuation"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("getBalance"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("/>")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("")])]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("And two click handlers below createWallet:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-variable function"}},[t._v("syncWallet")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("async")]),t._v(" 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punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("We should now be able to create a wallet, sync UTXOs and get balance")]),t._v(" "),a("img",{staticStyle:{display:"block",margin:"0 auto",zoom:"50%"},attrs:{src:s(372)}}),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("We can use a public testnet faucet to send testnet coins to the wallet and check that the UTXO sync and balance fetch are working correctly. Before we do that add one more method to generate a new address we can then use this address to get testnet coins from a faucet.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Let's add a state variable for "),a("code",[t._v("address")]),t._v(", a button for "),a("strong",[t._v("Get Address")]),t._v(" and a click event handler to call "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" and create a new address. Let's do the following")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Add "),a("code",[t._v("address")]),t._v(" and "),a("code",[t._v("setAddress")]),t._v(" state variables below balance and "),a("code",[t._v("setBalance")]),t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("address"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" setAddress"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("useState")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("setDisplayText")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("data"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),a("p",[t._v("And a Get Address button below the existing Get Balance button:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Button")])]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("title")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"restoring-wallet"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#restoring-wallet"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Restoring wallet")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("The "),a("code",[t._v("createWallet")]),t._v(" method creates a wallet using a "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(", in order to restore we can use the same method, we won't need to call "),a("code",[t._v("generateMnemonic")]),t._v(" as we will already have a "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(" to restore with.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Let's add an input box to enter our own "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(", we will use the "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(" entered in the input box to create a wallet.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Let's add an input box for "),a("code",[t._v("mnemonic")]),t._v(" below the Generate Mnemonic button.")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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display the mnemonic state variable in the input box, if we click Generate Mnemonic the generated mnemonic will show up in the input box. We can overwrite it with our own mnemonic and doing so will also overwrite the mnemonic state variable. This way the mnemonic displayed will be the one used to create the wallet.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("we are already using the mnemonic state variable in the "),a("code",[t._v("createWallet")]),t._v(" Method so no other changes are required.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("We can now use our own mnemonic and use it to restore a wallet. This will come in handy if we have a wallet with testnet bitcoin as these are hard to come by.")]),t._v(" "),a("img",{staticStyle:{display:"block",margin:"0px auto",zoom:"50%"},attrs:{src:s(374)}}),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"sending-bitcoin"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#sending-bitcoin"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Sending bitcoin")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("We are now able to receive bitcoin, time to add functionality to send as well.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" has a number of transaction-related methods to enable varied use cases. A new send transaction can be created and broadcast using "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn#quicksend",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("quickSend()"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". If required an unsigned transaction can be created using "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn#createtransaction",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("createTransaction()"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" , this can be signed later with "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn#signtransaction",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("signTransactioin()"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" method and broadcast using "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn#broadcasttransaction",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("broadcastTransaction()"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". There are also methods to query transactions by pending or confirmed status and all transactions. Please refer to "),a("code",[t._v("bdk-rn")]),t._v(" "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/LtbLightning/bdk-rn/blob/main/README.md#gettransactions",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("readme"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" for more details on all the methods.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("We will need state variables for recipient address and amount as well as for transaction, these can be added below our existing variables for syncResponse and address")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("syncResponse"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" setSyncResponse"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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We will need an input box for the receiver address and an input box for the amount to send. We will also need a button to trigger the transaction.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Let's add the send transaction section and UI components below "),a("code",[t._v("{/* input boxes and send transaction button */}")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-jsx extra-class"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-jsx"}},[a("code",[t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("/* input boxes and send transaction button */")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("View")])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("style")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token script language-javascript"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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e("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[e("h2",{attrs:{id:"2-of-3-multi-signature-descriptor-wallet-using-bdk-cli"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#2-of-3-multi-signature-descriptor-wallet-using-bdk-cli"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 2-of-3 Multi-Signature Descriptor Wallet using bdk-cli")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"overview-of-the-tutorial"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#overview-of-the-tutorial"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Overview of the tutorial")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("The purpose of this tutorial is to continue learning "),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli")]),t._v(" as our tool to manage a 2 of 3 multi-signature wallet.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("Generate a receive address with a spending Policy of 2 out of 3 escrow aka multi-signature.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("Intro to more complex but standard policies to create custom encumberances aka custom spending conditions for transactions.")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Note that to complete this tutorial, you'll need to enable the "),e("code",[t._v("compiler")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("electrum")]),t._v(" flags when installing or building bdk-cli, for example by installing using:")]),t._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[e("code",[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("cargo")]),t._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("install")]),t._v(" bdk-cli "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[t._v("--features")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v("compiler,electrum\n")])])]),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-1-generate-the-xprvs-extended-keys-and-save-to-environment-variables"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-1-generate-the-xprvs-extended-keys-and-save-to-environment-variables"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 1: Generate the XPRVs (Extended-Keys) and Save to environment 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"),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-2-generate-xpubs-extended-public-keys-save-to-environment-variables"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-2-generate-xpubs-extended-public-keys-save-to-environment-variables"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 2: Generate XPUBs (Extended Public Keys) & Save to environment variables")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("Generate the three individual Public Keys aka XPUBs using our Private key and descriptor path.")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v('export XPUB_00=$(bdk-cli key derive --xprv $XPRV_00 --path "m/84\'/1\'/0\'/0" | jq -r ".xpub")')])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v('export XPUB_01=$(bdk-cli key derive --xprv $XPRV_01 --path "m/84\'/1\'/0\'/0" | jq -r ".xpub")')])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v('export XPUB_02=$(bdk-cli key derive --xprv $XPRV_02 --path "m/84\'/1\'/0\'/0" | jq -r ".xpub")')])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/xT3KRh4.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"2a-verify-xpub-environment-variables"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#2a-verify-xpub-environment-variables"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 2a: Verify XPUB environment variables")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("env | grep XPUB")])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/SzAip9E.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("hr"),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-3-create-single-wallet-descriptors"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-3-create-single-wallet-descriptors"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 3: Create Single-Wallet Descriptors")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("Create the wallet Descriptor for each wallet")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v('export DESCRIPTOR_00="$XPRV_00/84h/1h/0h/0/*"')])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v('export DESCRIPTOR_01="$XPRV_01/84h/1h/0h/0/*"')])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v('export DESCRIPTOR_02="$XPRV_02/84h/1h/0h/0/*"')])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/mFrWt6b.png",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-4-create-multi-sig-descriptor-wallets"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-4-create-multi-sig-descriptor-wallets"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 4: Create Multi-Sig-Descriptor Wallets")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("This is how you create the 2-of-3 multi-sig output descriptor. 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Good! Else, something might be incorrect.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-6-send-testnet-bitcoin-to-the-newly-created-receive-address"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-6-send-testnet-bitcoin-to-the-newly-created-receive-address"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 6: Send Testnet Bitcoin to the newly created receive-address")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://testnet-faucet.mempool.co",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Bitcoin Testnet Faucet link:1"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinfaucet.uo1.net",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Bitcoin Testnet Faucet link:2"),e("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-7-sync-one-of-the-multi-sig-wallets"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-7-sync-one-of-the-multi-sig-wallets"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 7: Sync one of the Multi-Sig Wallets")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd00 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_00 sync")])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/GuefgeI.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-8-check-balance-multi-sig-wallets"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-8-check-balance-multi-sig-wallets"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 8: Check Balance Multi-Sig Wallets")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd00 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_00 get_balance")])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/zNciCqF.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("Every wallet has access to sync and view balance.")])]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-9-check-multi-sig-policies-on-descriptor-wallet"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-9-check-multi-sig-policies-on-descriptor-wallet"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 9: Check Multi-Sig Policies on Descriptor Wallet")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️"),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd00 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_00 policies")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("The output below confirms the command was successful.")]),t._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[e("code",[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"external"')]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"contribution"')]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"conditions"')]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin 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punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n\n\n")])])]),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"spendingpolicyrequired-for-complex-descriptors"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#spendingpolicyrequired-for-complex-descriptors"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" SpendingPolicyRequired for complex descriptors")]),t._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[e("code",[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[t._v("--external_policy")]),t._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"{'),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token entity",title:'\\"'}},[t._v('\\"')]),t._v("seaxtqqn"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token entity",title:'\\"'}},[t._v('\\"')]),t._v(': [0,1]}"')]),t._v("\n "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("<")]),t._v("-rootnode-"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(">")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("<")]),t._v("children "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("#0 and #1 of root node>")]),t._v("\n")])])]),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("Save the \"id\": We will need to use this ''id'' later.")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("More info on "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoindevkit.org/bdk-cli/interface/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("external policies here"),e("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-10-create-a-transaction-psbt"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-10-create-a-transaction-psbt"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 10: Create a Transaction (PSBT)")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("1st Create a PSBT using the first wallet")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("2nd Sign the PSBT with the first wallet")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("3rd Sign PSBT with the second wallet")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("Broadcast PSBT")])]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"export-unsigned-psbt-to-environment-variable"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#export-unsigned-psbt-to-environment-variable"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Export UNSIGNED_PSBT to environment variable")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v('export UNSIGNED_PSBT=$(bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd00 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_00 create_tx --send_all --to mkHS9ne12qx9pS9VojpwU5xtRd4T7X7ZUt:0 --external_policy "{\\"CHANGE_ID_HERE\\": [0,1]}" | jq -r \'.psbt\')')])]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"verify-unsigned-psbt-environment-variable"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#verify-unsigned-psbt-environment-variable"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Verify UNSIGNED_PSBT environment variable")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("env | grep UNSIGNED")]),t._v(" "),e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/djHaRDq.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-11-sign-the-transaction"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-11-sign-the-transaction"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 11: SIGN the Transaction")]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"1st-wallet-signs-the-transaction"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#1st-wallet-signs-the-transaction"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 1st Wallet Signs the transaction")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd00 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_00 sign --psbt $UNSIGNED_PSBT")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("export ONESIG_PSBT=$(bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd00 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_00 sign --psbt $UNSIGNED_PSBT | jq -r '.psbt')")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️"),e("code",[t._v("env | grep ONESIG")])]),t._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[e("code",[t._v('{\n "is_finalized": false,\n "psbt": 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"),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"2nd-wallet-signs-the-transaction"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#2nd-wallet-signs-the-transaction"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 2nd Wallet Signs the transaction")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd01 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_01 sign --psbt $ONESIG_PSBT")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("export SECONDSIG_PSBT=$(bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd01 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_01 sign --psbt $ONESIG_PSBT | jq -r '.psbt')")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️"),e("code",[t._v("env | grep SECONDSIG")])]),t._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[e("code",[t._v('{\n "is_finalized": true,\n "psbt": 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"),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-12-broadcast-transaction"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-12-broadcast-transaction"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 12: Broadcast Transaction")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd01 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_01 broadcast --psbt $SECONDSIG_PSBT")])]),t._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[e("code",[t._v('{\n "txid": "61da2451874a483aa8d1d0787c7680d157639f284840de8885098cac43f6cc2f"\n}\n')])])]),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/M7s0Fd6.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"verify-transaction"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#verify-transaction"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Verify Transaction")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Verify transcation in the memory pool on testnet "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/testnet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Mempool-testnet!"),e("OutboundLink")],1)])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);e.default=r.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[49],{403:function(t,e,s){"use strict";s.r(e);var a=s(7),r=Object(a.a)({},(function(){var t=this,e=t._self._c;return e("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[e("h2",{attrs:{id:"2-of-3-multi-signature-descriptor-wallet-using-bdk-cli"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#2-of-3-multi-signature-descriptor-wallet-using-bdk-cli"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 2-of-3 Multi-Signature Descriptor Wallet using bdk-cli")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"overview-of-the-tutorial"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#overview-of-the-tutorial"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Overview of the tutorial")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("The purpose of this tutorial is to continue learning "),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli")]),t._v(" as our tool to manage a 2 of 3 multi-signature wallet.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("Generate a receive address with a spending Policy of 2 out of 3 escrow aka multi-signature.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("Intro to more complex but standard policies to create custom encumberances aka custom spending conditions for transactions.")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Note that to complete this tutorial, you'll need to enable the "),e("code",[t._v("compiler")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("electrum")]),t._v(" flags when installing or building bdk-cli, for example by installing using:")]),t._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[e("code",[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("cargo")]),t._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("install")]),t._v(" bdk-cli "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[t._v("--features")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v("compiler,electrum\n")])])]),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-1-generate-the-xprvs-extended-keys-and-save-to-environment-variables"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-1-generate-the-xprvs-extended-keys-and-save-to-environment-variables"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 1: Generate the XPRVs (Extended-Keys) and Save to environment variables")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("Create three private keys and each in their own environment variable")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("export XPRV_00=$(bdk-cli key generate | jq -r '.xprv')")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("export XPRV_01=$(bdk-cli key generate | jq -r '.xprv')")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("export XPRV_02=$(bdk-cli key generate | jq -r '.xprv')")])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/FwgUdwK.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"1a-verify-xprv-environment-variables-are-active"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#1a-verify-xprv-environment-variables-are-active"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 1a: Verify XPRV environment variables are Active")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("env | grep XPRV")])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/ZerGPbO.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-2-generate-xpubs-extended-public-keys-save-to-environment-variables"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-2-generate-xpubs-extended-public-keys-save-to-environment-variables"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 2: Generate XPUBs (Extended Public Keys) & Save to environment variables")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("Generate the three individual Public Keys aka XPUBs using our Private key and descriptor path.")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v('export XPUB_00=$(bdk-cli key derive --xprv $XPRV_00 --path "m/84\'/1\'/0\'/0" | 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Single-Wallet Descriptors")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("Create the wallet Descriptor for each wallet")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v('export DESCRIPTOR_00="$XPRV_00/84h/1h/0h/0/*"')])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v('export DESCRIPTOR_01="$XPRV_01/84h/1h/0h/0/*"')])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v('export DESCRIPTOR_02="$XPRV_02/84h/1h/0h/0/*"')])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/mFrWt6b.png",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-4-create-multi-sig-descriptor-wallets"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-4-create-multi-sig-descriptor-wallets"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 4: Create Multi-Sig-Descriptor Wallets")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("This is how you create the 2-of-3 multi-sig output descriptor. You will need (one PrivateKey and two Xpubs) It consists of using the "),e("code",[t._v("compiler")]),t._v(" function to parse "),e("code",[t._v("policy")]),t._v(" to "),e("code",[t._v("mini-script")]),t._v(" .")])]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("When creating the descriptor the order matters so be aware of that when following tutorial if you are for any reason changing the order of the policy.")])]),t._v(" "),e("h4",{attrs:{id:"multi-sig-wallet-0"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#multi-sig-wallet-0"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Multi-Sig-Wallet 0")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("[ ] ▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("export MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_00=$(bdk-cli compile \"thresh(2,pk($DESCRIPTOR_00),pk($XPUB_01),pk($XPUB_02))\" | jq -r '.descriptor')")])])]),t._v(" "),e("h4",{attrs:{id:"multi-sig-wallet-1"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#multi-sig-wallet-1"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Multi-Sig-Wallet 1")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("[ ] ▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("export MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_01=$(bdk-cli compile \"thresh(2,pk($XPUB_00),pk($DESCRIPTOR_01),pk($XPUB_02))\" | jq -r '.descriptor')")])])]),t._v(" "),e("h4",{attrs:{id:"multi-sig-wallet-2"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#multi-sig-wallet-2"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Multi-Sig-Wallet 2")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("[ ] ▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("export MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_02=$(bdk-cli compile \"thresh(2,pk($XPUB_00),pk($XPUB_01),pk($DESCRIPTOR_02))\" | jq -r '.descriptor')")])])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/Yb8RmFS.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("h4",{attrs:{id:"multi-sig-2-of-3-policy-gets-compiled-to-miniscript"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#multi-sig-2-of-3-policy-gets-compiled-to-miniscript"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" multi-sig 2 of 3 policy gets compiled to miniscript")]),t._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[e("code",[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("# policy")]),t._v("\nthresh"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("2")]),t._v(",pk"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("XPRV_A"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(",pk"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("XPUB_B"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(",pk"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("XPUB_C"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("))")]),t._v(" \n\n"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("# miniscript")]),t._v("\nwsh"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("multi"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("2")]),t._v(",XPRV_KEY,PUBKEY_B,XPUB_C"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("))")]),t._v("\n")])])]),e("hr"),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"4a-verify-multi-sig-descriptor-environment-variables-are-active"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#4a-verify-multi-sig-descriptor-environment-variables-are-active"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 4a: Verify Multi-Sig-Descriptor environment variables are active")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("env | grep MULTI")])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/aAgtlsi.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("hr"),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-5-generate-receive-address-by-using-multi-sig-descriptor-wallets"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-5-generate-receive-address-by-using-multi-sig-descriptor-wallets"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 5: Generate Receive Address by using Multi-Sig-Descriptor Wallets")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd00 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_00 get_new_address")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd01 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_01 get_new_address")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd02 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_02 get_new_address")])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/w1fxPSn.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("🔴 Did you generate the same address for all three? Good! Else, something might be incorrect.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-6-send-testnet-bitcoin-to-the-newly-created-receive-address"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-6-send-testnet-bitcoin-to-the-newly-created-receive-address"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 6: Send Testnet Bitcoin to the newly created receive-address")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://testnet-faucet.mempool.co",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Bitcoin Testnet Faucet link:1"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinfaucet.uo1.net",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Bitcoin Testnet Faucet link:2"),e("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-7-sync-one-of-the-multi-sig-wallets"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-7-sync-one-of-the-multi-sig-wallets"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 7: Sync one of the Multi-Sig Wallets")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd00 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_00 sync")])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/GuefgeI.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-8-check-balance-multi-sig-wallets"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-8-check-balance-multi-sig-wallets"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 8: Check Balance Multi-Sig Wallets")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("▶️ "),e("code",[t._v("bdk-cli wallet --wallet wallet_name_msd00 --descriptor $MULTI_DESCRIPTOR_00 get_balance")])]),t._v(" "),e("figure",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://i.imgur.com/zNciCqF.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("Every wallet has access to sync and view balance.")])]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"step-9-check-multi-sig-policies-on-descriptor-wallet"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-9-check-multi-sig-policies-on-descriptor-wallet"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Step 9: Check Multi-Sig Policies on Descriptor Wallet")]),t._v(" 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Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" tool to create a multi-owned descriptor-based paper wallet. We will use "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" via the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk-cli",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk-cli"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" tool to test our descriptor and to be able to sweep the funds from our paper wallet to a new address.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"about-paper-wallets"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#about-paper-wallets"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" About paper wallets")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Paper wallets have a lot of drawbacks, as explained in the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Paper_wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("paper wallet Wiki article"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", as always, do your own research before deciding to use it with mainnet bitcoins. In this post we will\nonly be using testnet coins.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"descriptors"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#descriptors"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Descriptors")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet/tree/339fa4418d94f6fdd96f3d0301cab8a0bc09e8bd",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("previous version"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" of the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" followed the original paper wallet design: WIF"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn1",id:"fnref1"}},[e._v("[1]")])]),e._v(" as secret part with the option to generate a different kind of addresses (legacy, nested segwit, and segwit).")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("There were plans to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet/issues/5",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("support mnemonic"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" instead of WIF keys because it may"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn2",id:"fnref2"}},[e._v("[2]")])]),e._v(" save the sweep transaction"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn3",id:"fnref3"}},[e._v("[3]")])]),e._v(" and there are more wallets capable of importing a mnemonic instead of a WIF.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("However, choosing a single address type or having wallet support for a specific format is the kind of problem "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"/descriptors"}},[e._v("descriptors")]),e._v(" solve perfectly, so the latest "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" version now accepts a descriptor and the network as parameters.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"example-use-case"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#example-use-case"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Example use case")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("So let's say your grandma wants to buy bitcoin and asked for your help.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("You are a little afraid she may lose the private key. At the same time, you don't want to duplicate the keys and give those to her daughters Alice and Barbara, because both of them could spend and accuse the other of having done so.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Even though we trust everyone in the family it is better to play it safe and divide the responsibility of protecting Grandma's bitcoin.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("This is a perfect case for a 2 of 3 multi-signature paper wallet. This way also protects the participants from having their copy of the wallet stolen. To compromise Grandma's wallet a thief would need to find and steal at least two of them.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Note that you as the wallet creator are still the single point of trust because you are going to generate the keys for everyone. Setups combining self generated keys from the participants is possible future work.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"creating-the-paper-wallet"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#creating-the-paper-wallet"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Creating the paper wallet")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("For this example the spending descriptor would be:")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[e._v("wsh(multi(2,Grandma,Alice,Barbara))")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("You need "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" installed to use "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". The -n option below explicitly selects\ngenerating "),t("code",[e._v("testnet")]),e._v(" keys. Use "),t("code",[e._v("rusty-paper-wallet --help")]),e._v(" to see usage instructions and other\noptions.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("cargo")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("install")]),e._v(" rusty-paper-wallet\n$ rusty-paper-wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"wsh(multi(2,Grandma,Alice,Barbara))"')]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-n")]),e._v(" testnet\ndata:text/html"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(";")]),e._v("base64,PCFET0N"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("..")]),e._v(".\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("The "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"/descriptor-based-paper-wallets/data-url.txt"}},[e._v("output")]),e._v(" of the command is very long and has been shortened. The string is a "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_URI_scheme",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("data URI scheme"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" paste-able in the address bar of a browser. By using a data URI no files are written on the hard disk, leaving less trace of secret material on the computer.\nIt's also a good idea to use incognito mode in the browser to prevent it from saving the page in the history.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The following is the result:")]),e._v(" "),t("iframe",{staticClass:"example",attrs:{src:"/descriptor-based-paper-wallets/Bitcoin_Paper_Wallet.html"}}),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Under the hood, the command created a key pair randomly for every alias present in the descriptor, then replaced the aliases with the created keys and generated the corresponding address. This address is the same for every paper wallet and it is shown in the upper part of the paper wallet (the public part) along with the alias, linking the paper wallet to the owner.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The lower part is the secret part, the written part is the descriptor with the aliases, followed by a legend linking the aliases with the keys. In the legend, all the keys are public but the one of the owner which is a private WIF. The secret QR code instead contains the descriptor already with the keys.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The paper wallet must then be printed, and it is better to use a printer without wifi and also to be aware that some sensitive data may remain in the printer's cache.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Then the paper wallet must be cut along the dotted lines, the secret part should be folded twice over the black zone"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn4",id:"fnref4"}},[e._v("[4]")])]),e._v(". The black zone helps to avoid showing the secret parts in the presence of back-light. Once the folding is done the paper wallet should be plasticized to prevent being damaged by water.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"bdk"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#bdk"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" BDK")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Any descriptor based wallet can be used to check the balance of and sweep the funds from\nGrandma's paper wallet. For this post we'll demonstrate using the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk-cli",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk-cli"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" tool to do these steps.\nAnother area where "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" could be used with "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" is to compile a more\ncomplicated miniscript spending policy into a descriptor, as we have done in the "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/02/spending-policy-demo/#step-4-create-wallet-descriptors-for-each-participant"}},[e._v("spending policy demo")]),e._v(" post.")],1),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"funding-tx"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#funding-tx"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Funding tx")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Since Grandma's wallet was created as a "),t("code",[e._v("wsh")]),e._v(" descriptor, bitcoin can be sent to it from any\nsegwit capable wallet, we'll use a public "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinfaucet.uo1.net/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bitcoin testnet faucet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". Once the funds are sent the\ndeposit address "),t("code",[e._v("tb1qu6lcua9w2zkarjj5xwxh3l3qtcxh84hsra3jrvpszh69j2e54x7q3thycw")]),e._v(" we can also use this\naddress and a testnet explorer to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/testnet/address/tb1qu6lcua9w2zkarjj5xwxh3l3qtcxh84hsra3jrvpszh69j2e54x7q3thycw",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("confirm the funds were received"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"sweep-tx"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#sweep-tx"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Sweep tx")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Now that Grandma's paper wallet is funded it's time to demonstrate how to use "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk-cli",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk-cli"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" to sweep these\nfunds to a new address. Let's assume Grandma lost her original paper wallet and has asked\nher daughters to sweep them to a new single signature wallet so she can spend them.")]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"step-1-alice-creates-and-signs-a-psbt"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-1-alice-creates-and-signs-a-psbt"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Step 1: Alice creates and signs a PSBT")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Alice uses the private text or QR code from her paper wallet to find her private key and the\npublic keys for Grandma and Barbara. With this info she creates a PSBT to sweep Grandma's funds\nto a new address (in this example we'll send them back to our "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinfaucet.uo1.net/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bitcoin testnet faucet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v("). Notice how Alice\nincludes her wallet's descriptor checksum '#em3q73l5', this "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/descriptors.md#checksums",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("guarantees"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" she has entered her descriptor correctly.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("SWEEP_TO_ADDR")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("tb1qm5tfegjevj27yvvna9elym9lnzcf0zraxgl8z2\n\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("ALICE_WIF")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("cSSKRHDmQEEutp5LD14tAcixu2ehSNPDTqNek1zMa9Pet98qxHq3\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("BARBARA_PUBKEY")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("02a3f3f2658b9812ddeabfbde2fde03f8a65369e4ed621f29fa8ba0cc519b789fb\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("GRANDMA_PUBKEY")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("03f1bd2bff8e9c61f58a8d46d18fd8f3149b1f2d76b3c423a7874a5d5811d67cee\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("ALICE_DESCRIPTOR")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"wsh(multi(2,'),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$GRANDMA_PUBKEY")]),e._v(","),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$ALICE_WIF")]),e._v(","),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$BARBARA_PUBKEY")]),e._v('))#em3q73l5"')]),e._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("# confirm descriptor creates the expected deposit address")]),e._v("\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" alice "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$ALICE_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" get_new_address\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"address"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"tb1qu6lcua9w2zkarjj5xwxh3l3qtcxh84hsra3jrvpszh69j2e54x7q3thycw"')]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("# sync the wallet and show the balance")]),e._v("\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" alice "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$ALICE_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("sync")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" alice "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$ALICE_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" get_balance\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"satoshi"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("10000")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("# create and sign PSBT")]),e._v("\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("UNSIGNED_PSBT")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$(")]),e._v("bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" alice "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" $ALICE_DESCRIPTOR create_tx "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("--send_all")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("--to")]),e._v(" $SWEEP_TO_ADDR:0 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("|")]),e._v(" jq "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-r")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('".psbt"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v(")")])]),e._v("\n\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("ALICE_SIGNED_PSBT")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$(")]),e._v("bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" alice "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" $ALICE_DESCRIPTOR sign "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("--psbt")]),e._v(" $UNSIGNED_PSBT "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("|")]),e._v(" jq "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-r")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('".psbt"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v(")")])]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"step-2-barbara-signs-alices-signed-psbt-and-broadcasts-the-tx"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-2-barbara-signs-alices-signed-psbt-and-broadcasts-the-tx"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Step 2: Barbara signs Alice's signed PSBT and broadcasts the tx")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Now it's Barbara's turn to use the private text or QR code from her paper wallet to get her private\nkey and the public keys for Grandma and Alice. With this info plus Alice's signed PSBT she can\ncreate a fully signed PSBT to broadcast and complete the sweep of Grandma's funds.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("ALICE_PUBKEY")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("02e486e32f0f87136fa042cb53219ace8537ea1d036deb2f4293570b94325d11cb\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("BARBARA_WIF")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("cSfMLzSZ9NjWUTqL3sFpgWJssnu2qgmE2cm5N1jPDRRJuDcrsPEB\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("GRANDMA_PUBKEY")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("03f1bd2bff8e9c61f58a8d46d18fd8f3149b1f2d76b3c423a7874a5d5811d67cee\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("BARBARA_DESCRIPTOR")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"wsh(multi(2,'),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$GRANDMA_PUBKEY")]),e._v(","),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$ALICE_PUBKEY")]),e._v(","),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$BARBARA_WIF")]),e._v('))#nxfa5n0z"')]),e._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("# confirm descriptor creates the expected deposit address")]),e._v("\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" barbara "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$BARBARA_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" get_new_address\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"address"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"tb1qu6lcua9w2zkarjj5xwxh3l3qtcxh84hsra3jrvpszh69j2e54x7q3thycw"')]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("# sync the wallet and show the balance")]),e._v("\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" barbara "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$BARBARA_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("sync")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" barbara "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$BARBARA_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" get_balance\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"satoshi"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("10000")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("FINAL_PSBT")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$(")]),e._v("bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" barbara "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" $BARBARA_DESCRIPTOR sign "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("--psbt")]),e._v(" $ALICE_SIGNED_PSBT "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("|")]),e._v(" jq "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-r")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('".psbt"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v(")")])]),e._v("\n\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" barbara "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$BARBARA_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" broadcast "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("--psbt")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$FINAL_PSBT")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"txid"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"9ecd8e6be92b7edd8bf1799f8f7090e58f813825f826bdb771b4cdb444cdeb59"')]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("And finally we verify that Alice and Barbara successfully created and broadcast Grandma's "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/testnet/tx/9ecd8e6be92b7edd8bf1799f8f7090e58f813825f826bdb771b4cdb444cdeb59",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("sweep tx"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"conclusion"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#conclusion"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Conclusion")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In this post we showed how to create a multi-sig descriptor based paper wallet using\n"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and then sweep the funds from our example paper wallet to a new address. If you\nfound this post interesting please comment below. Or give it a try yourself and if you run into any\nproblems or would like to suggest improvements leave an issue in the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" or\n"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk-cli",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk-cli"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" github repos. Thanks!")]),e._v(" "),t("hr",{staticClass:"footnotes-sep"}),e._v(" "),t("section",{staticClass:"footnotes"},[t("ol",{staticClass:"footnotes-list"},[t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn1"}},[t("p",[e._v("Wallet Input Format, a string encoding a ECDSA private key https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref1"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn2"}},[t("p",[e._v("Unless the user import the WIF directly into bitcoin core "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref2"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn3"}},[t("p",[e._v("Some wallets refers to sweep as the action to create a transaction taking all the funds from the paper wallet and sending those to the wallet itself. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref3"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn4"}},[t("p",[e._v("Ideally, the black zone should be twice as long as the secret part to cover it back and front, long descriptor may leave a shorter black zone, ensure to have you printer set with vertical layout for best results. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref4"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])])])])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=r.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[54],{411:function(e,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var s=a(7),r=Object(s.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("h2",{attrs:{id:"introduction"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#introduction"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Introduction")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In this post, we will use the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" tool to create a multi-owned descriptor-based paper wallet. We will use "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" via the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk-cli",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk-cli"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" tool to test our descriptor and to be able to sweep the funds from our paper wallet to a new address.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"about-paper-wallets"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#about-paper-wallets"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" About paper wallets")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Paper wallets have a lot of drawbacks, as explained in the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Paper_wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("paper wallet Wiki article"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", as always, do your own research before deciding to use it with mainnet bitcoins. In this post we will\nonly be using testnet coins.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"descriptors"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#descriptors"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Descriptors")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet/tree/339fa4418d94f6fdd96f3d0301cab8a0bc09e8bd",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("previous version"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" of the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" followed the original paper wallet design: WIF"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn1",id:"fnref1"}},[e._v("[1]")])]),e._v(" as secret part with the option to generate a different kind of addresses (legacy, nested segwit, and segwit).")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("There were plans to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet/issues/5",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("support mnemonic"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" instead of WIF keys because it may"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn2",id:"fnref2"}},[e._v("[2]")])]),e._v(" save the sweep transaction"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn3",id:"fnref3"}},[e._v("[3]")])]),e._v(" and there are more wallets capable of importing a mnemonic instead of a WIF.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("However, choosing a single address type or having wallet support for a specific format is the kind of problem "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"/descriptors"}},[e._v("descriptors")]),e._v(" solve perfectly, so the latest "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" version now accepts a descriptor and the network as parameters.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"example-use-case"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#example-use-case"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Example use case")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("So let's say your grandma wants to buy bitcoin and asked for your help.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("You are a little afraid she may lose the private key. At the same time, you don't want to duplicate the keys and give those to her daughters Alice and Barbara, because both of them could spend and accuse the other of having done so.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Even though we trust everyone in the family it is better to play it safe and divide the responsibility of protecting Grandma's bitcoin.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("This is a perfect case for a 2 of 3 multi-signature paper wallet. This way also protects the participants from having their copy of the wallet stolen. To compromise Grandma's wallet a thief would need to find and steal at least two of them.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Note that you as the wallet creator are still the single point of trust because you are going to generate the keys for everyone. Setups combining self generated keys from the participants is possible future work.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"creating-the-paper-wallet"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#creating-the-paper-wallet"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Creating the paper wallet")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("For this example the spending descriptor would be:")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[e._v("wsh(multi(2,Grandma,Alice,Barbara))")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("You need "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" installed to use "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". The -n option below explicitly selects\ngenerating "),t("code",[e._v("testnet")]),e._v(" keys. Use "),t("code",[e._v("rusty-paper-wallet --help")]),e._v(" to see usage instructions and other\noptions.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("cargo")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("install")]),e._v(" rusty-paper-wallet\n$ rusty-paper-wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"wsh(multi(2,Grandma,Alice,Barbara))"')]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-n")]),e._v(" testnet\ndata:text/html"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(";")]),e._v("base64,PCFET0N"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("..")]),e._v(".\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("The "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"/descriptor-based-paper-wallets/data-url.txt"}},[e._v("output")]),e._v(" of the command is very long and has been shortened. The string is a "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_URI_scheme",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("data URI scheme"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" paste-able in the address bar of a browser. By using a data URI no files are written on the hard disk, leaving less trace of secret material on the computer.\nIt's also a good idea to use incognito mode in the browser to prevent it from saving the page in the history.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The following is the result:")]),e._v(" "),t("iframe",{staticClass:"example",attrs:{src:"/descriptor-based-paper-wallets/Bitcoin_Paper_Wallet.html"}}),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Under the hood, the command created a key pair randomly for every alias present in the descriptor, then replaced the aliases with the created keys and generated the corresponding address. This address is the same for every paper wallet and it is shown in the upper part of the paper wallet (the public part) along with the alias, linking the paper wallet to the owner.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The lower part is the secret part, the written part is the descriptor with the aliases, followed by a legend linking the aliases with the keys. In the legend, all the keys are public but the one of the owner which is a private WIF. The secret QR code instead contains the descriptor already with the keys.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The paper wallet must then be printed, and it is better to use a printer without wifi and also to be aware that some sensitive data may remain in the printer's cache.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Then the paper wallet must be cut along the dotted lines, the secret part should be folded twice over the black zone"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn4",id:"fnref4"}},[e._v("[4]")])]),e._v(". The black zone helps to avoid showing the secret parts in the presence of back-light. Once the folding is done the paper wallet should be plasticized to prevent being damaged by water.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"bdk"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#bdk"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" BDK")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Any descriptor based wallet can be used to check the balance of and sweep the funds from\nGrandma's paper wallet. For this post we'll demonstrate using the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk-cli",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk-cli"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" tool to do these steps.\nAnother area where "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" could be used with "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" is to compile a more\ncomplicated miniscript spending policy into a descriptor, as we have done in the "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/02/spending-policy-demo/#step-4-create-wallet-descriptors-for-each-participant"}},[e._v("spending policy demo")]),e._v(" post.")],1),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"funding-tx"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#funding-tx"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Funding tx")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Since Grandma's wallet was created as a "),t("code",[e._v("wsh")]),e._v(" descriptor, bitcoin can be sent to it from any\nsegwit capable wallet, we'll use a public "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinfaucet.uo1.net/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bitcoin testnet faucet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". Once the funds are sent the\ndeposit address "),t("code",[e._v("tb1qu6lcua9w2zkarjj5xwxh3l3qtcxh84hsra3jrvpszh69j2e54x7q3thycw")]),e._v(" we can also use this\naddress and a testnet explorer to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/testnet/address/tb1qu6lcua9w2zkarjj5xwxh3l3qtcxh84hsra3jrvpszh69j2e54x7q3thycw",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("confirm the funds were received"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"sweep-tx"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#sweep-tx"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Sweep tx")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Now that Grandma's paper wallet is funded it's time to demonstrate how to use "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk-cli",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk-cli"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" to sweep these\nfunds to a new address. Let's assume Grandma lost her original paper wallet and has asked\nher daughters to sweep them to a new single signature wallet so she can spend them.")]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"step-1-alice-creates-and-signs-a-psbt"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-1-alice-creates-and-signs-a-psbt"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Step 1: Alice creates and signs a PSBT")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Alice uses the private text or QR code from her paper wallet to find her private key and the\npublic keys for Grandma and Barbara. With this info she creates a PSBT to sweep Grandma's funds\nto a new address (in this example we'll send them back to our "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinfaucet.uo1.net/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bitcoin testnet faucet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v("). Notice how Alice\nincludes her wallet's descriptor checksum '#em3q73l5', this "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/descriptors.md#checksums",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("guarantees"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" she has entered her descriptor correctly.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("SWEEP_TO_ADDR")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("tb1qm5tfegjevj27yvvna9elym9lnzcf0zraxgl8z2\n\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("ALICE_WIF")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("cSSKRHDmQEEutp5LD14tAcixu2ehSNPDTqNek1zMa9Pet98qxHq3\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("BARBARA_PUBKEY")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("02a3f3f2658b9812ddeabfbde2fde03f8a65369e4ed621f29fa8ba0cc519b789fb\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("GRANDMA_PUBKEY")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("03f1bd2bff8e9c61f58a8d46d18fd8f3149b1f2d76b3c423a7874a5d5811d67cee\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("ALICE_DESCRIPTOR")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"wsh(multi(2,'),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$GRANDMA_PUBKEY")]),e._v(","),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$ALICE_WIF")]),e._v(","),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$BARBARA_PUBKEY")]),e._v('))#em3q73l5"')]),e._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("# confirm descriptor creates the expected deposit address")]),e._v("\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" alice "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$ALICE_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" get_new_address\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"address"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"tb1qu6lcua9w2zkarjj5xwxh3l3qtcxh84hsra3jrvpszh69j2e54x7q3thycw"')]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("# sync the wallet and show the balance")]),e._v("\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" alice "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$ALICE_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("sync")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" alice "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$ALICE_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" get_balance\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"satoshi"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("10000")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("# create and sign PSBT")]),e._v("\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("UNSIGNED_PSBT")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$(")]),e._v("bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" alice "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" $ALICE_DESCRIPTOR create_tx "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("--send_all")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("--to")]),e._v(" $SWEEP_TO_ADDR:0 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("|")]),e._v(" jq "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-r")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('".psbt"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v(")")])]),e._v("\n\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("ALICE_SIGNED_PSBT")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$(")]),e._v("bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" alice "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" $ALICE_DESCRIPTOR sign "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("--psbt")]),e._v(" $UNSIGNED_PSBT "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("|")]),e._v(" jq "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-r")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('".psbt"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v(")")])]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"step-2-barbara-signs-alices-signed-psbt-and-broadcasts-the-tx"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#step-2-barbara-signs-alices-signed-psbt-and-broadcasts-the-tx"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Step 2: Barbara signs Alice's signed PSBT and broadcasts the tx")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Now it's Barbara's turn to use the private text or QR code from her paper wallet to get her private\nkey and the public keys for Grandma and Alice. With this info plus Alice's signed PSBT she can\ncreate a fully signed PSBT to broadcast and complete the sweep of Grandma's funds.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("ALICE_PUBKEY")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("02e486e32f0f87136fa042cb53219ace8537ea1d036deb2f4293570b94325d11cb\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("BARBARA_WIF")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("cSfMLzSZ9NjWUTqL3sFpgWJssnu2qgmE2cm5N1jPDRRJuDcrsPEB\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("GRANDMA_PUBKEY")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v("03f1bd2bff8e9c61f58a8d46d18fd8f3149b1f2d76b3c423a7874a5d5811d67cee\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("BARBARA_DESCRIPTOR")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"wsh(multi(2,'),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$GRANDMA_PUBKEY")]),e._v(","),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$ALICE_PUBKEY")]),e._v(","),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$BARBARA_WIF")]),e._v('))#nxfa5n0z"')]),e._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("# confirm descriptor creates the expected deposit address")]),e._v("\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" barbara "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$BARBARA_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" get_new_address\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"address"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"tb1qu6lcua9w2zkarjj5xwxh3l3qtcxh84hsra3jrvpszh69j2e54x7q3thycw"')]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("# sync the wallet and show the balance")]),e._v("\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" barbara "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$BARBARA_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("sync")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" barbara "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$BARBARA_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" get_balance\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"satoshi"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("10000")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[e._v("FINAL_PSBT")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$(")]),e._v("bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" barbara "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" $BARBARA_DESCRIPTOR sign "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("--psbt")]),e._v(" $ALICE_SIGNED_PSBT "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("|")]),e._v(" jq "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-r")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('".psbt"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v(")")])]),e._v("\n\n$ bdk-cli wallet "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-w")]),e._v(" barbara "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("-d")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$BARBARA_DESCRIPTOR")]),e._v(" broadcast "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[e._v("--psbt")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e._v("$FINAL_PSBT")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"txid"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"9ecd8e6be92b7edd8bf1799f8f7090e58f813825f826bdb771b4cdb444cdeb59"')]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("And finally we verify that Alice and Barbara successfully created and broadcast Grandma's "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/testnet/tx/9ecd8e6be92b7edd8bf1799f8f7090e58f813825f826bdb771b4cdb444cdeb59",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("sweep tx"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"conclusion"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#conclusion"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Conclusion")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In this post we showed how to create a multi-sig descriptor based paper wallet using\n"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and then sweep the funds from our example paper wallet to a new address. If you\nfound this post interesting please comment below. Or give it a try yourself and if you run into any\nproblems or would like to suggest improvements leave an issue in the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/rusty-paper-wallet",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Rusty Paper Wallet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" or\n"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk-cli",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk-cli"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" github repos. Thanks!")]),e._v(" "),t("hr",{staticClass:"footnotes-sep"}),e._v(" "),t("section",{staticClass:"footnotes"},[t("ol",{staticClass:"footnotes-list"},[t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn1"}},[t("p",[e._v("Wallet Input Format, a string encoding a ECDSA private key https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref1"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn2"}},[t("p",[e._v("Unless the user import the WIF directly into bitcoin core "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref2"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn3"}},[t("p",[e._v("Some wallets refers to sweep as the action to create a transaction taking all the funds from the paper wallet and sending those to the wallet itself. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref3"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn4"}},[t("p",[e._v("Ideally, the black zone should be twice as long as the secret part to cover it back and front, long descriptor may leave a shorter black zone, ensure to have you printer set with vertical layout for best results. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref4"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])])])])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=r.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/55.7f46b555.js b/assets/js/55.9de99d10.js similarity index 99% rename from assets/js/55.7f46b555.js rename to assets/js/55.9de99d10.js index da7aead320..cd8e65fb97 100644 --- a/assets/js/55.7f46b555.js +++ b/assets/js/55.9de99d10.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[55],{411:function(e,t,r){"use strict";r.r(t);var a=r(7),s=Object(a.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("h2",{attrs:{id:"introduction"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#introduction"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Introduction")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("I have tried to setup a 2 of 2 multi signature infrastructure with two\ndifferent wallets, which know nothing about each other, but are compliant with\ntwo very important protocols: "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinops.org/en/topics/output-script-descriptors/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Output Descriptors"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0174",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Partially Signed\nBitcoin Transactions"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" described in BIP 174.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Before these two protocols came into existence, making a multi signature setup\nand spending from it was possible only if the involved parties were using the\nsame wallet (eg. Electrum Desktop Wallet). This limitation was due to the fact\nthat the two parties had to agree:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("on the particular type of script and address to use")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("on the way the transaction would be shared composed and signed with all the\ninvolved parties.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinops.org/en/topics/output-script-descriptors/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Output Descriptors"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" are a way to express which kind scriptPubKey and\naddresses to produce with a key or a series of keys.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0174",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("PSBT"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" is instead the standard protocol used to create a transaction and to enrich\nit with the necessary signatures and other components, to make it valid and complete.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Together they provide a common ground to create and use a multi signature\ninfrastructure in a heterogeneous environment, and this is what I have put\nto test.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-use-case"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-use-case"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The use case")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Imagine Alice and Bob owning a company and being willing to put the corporate cash\nin a 2of2 multi signature setup, so that each one of them have to agree and sign each\ntransaction.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-role-of-descriptors"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-role-of-descriptors"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The role of Descriptors")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("If Alice and Bob cannot agree on the software to use, to monitor the same financial\nsituation, the two software must control and produce exactly the same series\nof multisignature addresses.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("To make two different software produce the same addresses in a deterministic way\nwe must ensure that they:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("produce the same pair of public keys")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("combine them in the same order")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("put them inside the same scriptPubKey to produce the same address")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Here is where the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinops.org/en/topics/output-script-descriptors/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Output Descriptors"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" come into play. They describe:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("the sequence of public keys each extended key (xpub) will produce")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("the sequence in which the new public keys of various parties will enter into\nthe script")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("the type of script the wallet will prepare with that group keys and so the type\nof address the group of keys will produce.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[e._v("By sharing the same Descriptor, every compliant wallet will derive\ndeterministically the same series of multisig addresses")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Imagine Alice using Bitcoin Core (from now on "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoincore.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v('"Core"'),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(') as a\nWallet and Bob using a "Last generation" wallet, Bitcoin Development Kit\n(from now on '),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoindevkit.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v('"BDK"'),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v("), which uses descriptors and miniscript natively.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Each of these two software wallets should be able to:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("Create a new address which is seen as belonging to the multi signature\nwallet in both software")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Express the consent of each party by partially signing the transaction in a way\nthe other wallet can understand and complete it with its own signature.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The infrastructure of multiple Extended keys combined toghether to produce\nmultiple multisignature addresses is often referred as\n"),t("em",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Hierarchical Deterministic"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" multi signature wallet or HDM")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("What follows are the steps to create the HDM usable both in Core and\nin BDK.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("em",[e._v("Note: In Core, "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/16528",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Descriptor wallets"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" are still experimental and in general,\nboth wallets should be tested for descriptor capabilities only in testnet.")])]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"our-playground"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#our-playground"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Our playground")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We will build a 2of2 key set up that will be used cooperatively by Bitcoin Core\nand Bitcoin Development Kit.\nThe steps Alice and Bob will do are:")]),e._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[e._v("creation of the seed and the derived Extended Master Public and send it to\nthe other party")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Create the multi signature descriptor for each wallet")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Use each other's software to receive testnet coins from a faucet")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("return part of the coins to the faucet signing the transaction with both\nwallets.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We need:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoindevkit.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Bitcoin Dev Kit"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoincore.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Bitcoin Core"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" (v0.21.0 or later)")])]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"1-creating-the-seeds-and-the-derived-extended-public-keys"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#1-creating-the-seeds-and-the-derived-extended-public-keys"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 1. Creating the seeds and the derived Extended Public keys")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"seeds-and-extended-master-public"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#seeds-and-extended-master-public"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Seeds and Extended Master Public")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We build an Extended Private Master Key for both wallet and derive a BIP84\nExtended Master Public for Bitcoin Core and then for BDK.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("For Bitcoin Core (Alice):")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("# new Extended wallet data\nexport core_key=$(bdk-cli key generate)\n\n# New Extended Master Private\n\nexport core_xprv=$(echo $core_key | jq -r '.xprv')\n\n# Now I derive the xpubs (one for receiving and one for the change)\n# together with informations about the derivation path to be communicated\n# to BDK wallet's owner (Bob).\n\nexport core_xpub_84_for_rec_desc=$(bdk-cli key derive --path m/84h/0h/0h/0 --xprv $core_xprv | jq -r '.xpub')\nexport core_xpub_84_for_chg_desc=$(bdk-cli key derive --path m/84h/0h/0h/1 --xprv $core_xprv | jq -r '.xpub')\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("For BDK (Bob) we do the same:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("# new Extended wallet data\n\nexport BDK_key=$(bdk-cli key generate)\n\n# New Extended Master Private\n\nexport BDK_xprv=$(echo $BDK_key | jq -r '.xprv')\n\n# Now I build the derived xpubs to be communicated (to Alice).\n\nexport BDK_xpub_84_for_rec_desc=$(bdk-cli key derive --path m/84h/0h/0h/0 --xprv $BDK_xprv | jq -r '.xpub')\nexport BDK_xpub_84_for_chg_desc=$(bdk-cli key derive --path m/84h/0h/0h/1 --xprv $BDK_xprv | jq -r '.xpub')\n")])])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"2-creation-of-the-multi-signature-descriptor-for-each-wallet"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#2-creation-of-the-multi-signature-descriptor-for-each-wallet"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 2. Creation of the multi signature descriptor for each wallet")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("To build a multisig wallet, each wallet owner must compose the descriptor\nadding:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("his derived extended "),t("strong",[e._v("private")]),e._v(" key AND")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("all the extended "),t("strong",[e._v("public")]),e._v(" keys of the other wallets involved in the\nmulti signature setup")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("em",[e._v("The different nature of the two keys (one is private and one is public) is\ndue to the fact that each wallet, to be able to partially sign the transaction,\n"),t("strong",[e._v("must manage the private key of the wallet's owner")])]),e._v(" AND have the other\nparty's public key. Otherwise, if we put both public keys, we would obtain\na watch-only wallet unable to sign the transactions. If we\nhad both extended private keys inside the descriptor, we would allow each party\nto finalize the transactions autonomously.")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"in-bitcoin-core"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#in-bitcoin-core"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" In Bitcoin Core:")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In our case, the multi signature descriptor for Bitcoin Core will be composed\nwith:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("The BIP84 derived Extended "),t("strong",[e._v("Public")]),e._v(" Key from BDK")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("The BIP84 derived Extended "),t("strong",[e._v("Private")]),e._v(" Key from Core.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("BDK wallet's owner will send to Core's owner the derived xpub for this purpose.\nThis is how the Core's multisig descriptor will be created and put into an\nenvironment variable:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("export core_rec_desc=\"wsh(multi(2,$BDK_xpub_84_for_rec_desc,$core_xprv/84'/0'/0'/0/*))\"\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("Where of course "),t("code",[e._v("$BDK_xpub_84_for_rec_desc")]),e._v("is the derived master public created\nin BDK and received by Core's owner.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The meaning of what is before and after is illustrated in the doc that explain\nthe use of "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinops.org/en/topics/output-script-descriptors/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Output Descriptors in Bitcoin Core"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We add the necessary checksum using the specific "),t("code",[e._v("bitcoin-cli")]),e._v(" call.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("export core_rec_desc_chksum=$core_rec_desc#$(bitcoin-cli -testnet getdescriptorinfo $core_rec_desc | jq -r '.checksum')\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("We repeat the same to build the descriptor to receive the change.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("export core_chg_desc=\"wsh(multi(2,$BDK_xpub_84_for_chg_desc,$core_xprv/84'/0'/0'/1/*))\"\nexport core_chg_desc_chksum=$core_chg_desc#$(bitcoin-cli -testnet getdescriptorinfo $core_chg_desc|jq -r '.checksum')\n")])])]),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"in-bdk"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#in-bdk"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" In BDK:")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("For BDK we set the derivation for receiving addresses and change addresses\nin the command line (maybe setting an alias)")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Building the descriptor:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("export BDK_rec_desc=\"wsh(multi(2,$BDK_xprv/84'/0'/0'/0/*,$core_xpub_84_for_rec_desc))\"`\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("Please note that the order of the extended key in the descriptor MUST be the\nsame in the 2 wallets.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("em",[e._v("We have chosen to put BDK first and in each software wallet, the public key\nderived from BDK will always come first. In alternative, we could have chosen to\nproduce the descriptor, "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/17056?ref=tokendaily",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("chosing a "),t("code",[e._v("soretedmulti")]),e._v(" multisignature setup"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("export BDK_rec_desc_chksum=$BDK_rec_desc#$(bitcoin-cli -testnet getdescriptorinfo $BDK_rec_desc | jq -r '.checksum')\nexport BDK_chg_desc=\"wsh(multi(2,$BDK_xprv/84'/0'/0'/1/*,$core_xpub_84_for_chg_desc))\"\nexport BDK_chg_desc_chksum=$BDK_chg_desc#$(bitcoin-cli -testnet getdescriptorinfo $BDK_chg_desc | jq -r '.checksum')\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("To take a look at the variables we have produced so far:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("env | grep 'core_'\nenv | grep 'BDK_'\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("Now we will use the multisig descriptor wallet to receive testnet coins with\nAlice and Bob's software")]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"3-use-each-others-software-to-receive-testnet-coins-from-a-faucet"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#3-use-each-others-software-to-receive-testnet-coins-from-a-faucet"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 3. Use each other's software to receive testnet coins from a faucet")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"in-bitcoin-core-2"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#in-bitcoin-core-2"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" In Bitcoin Core")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('Alice must create an empty, experimental new "descriptors wallet" in Core and\nto import the multisig Output Descriptor.')]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('bitcoin-cli -testnet createwallet "multisig2of2withBDK" false true "" false true false\n')])])]),t("p",[e._v("The flag are to:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("use the private keys")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("make it empty")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("no password provided to the wallet")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("reusing of addresses not allowed")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v('"new experimental descriptors wallet"')]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("don't load it on start up")])]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('bitcoin-cli -testnet -rpcwallet=multisig2of2withBDK importdescriptors "[{\\"desc\\":\\"$core_rec_desc_chksum\\",\\"timestamp\\":\\"now\\",\\"active\\":true,\\"internal\\":false},{\\"desc\\":\\"$core_chg_desc_chksum\\",\\"timestamp\\":\\"now\\",\\"active\\":true,\\"internal\\":true}]"\n')])])]),t("p",[e._v("Now Alice asks for her first receiving multisignature address.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("export first_address=$(bitcoin-cli -testnet -rpcwallet=multisig2of2withBDK getnewaddress)\necho $first_address\n")])])]),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"bdk"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#bdk"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" BDK")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In BDK Bob can specify directly the descriptors on the command line to produce\nthe multisig address, because BDK is descriptors aware natively.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('repl -d "$BDK_rec_desc_chksum" -c "$BDK_chg_desc_chksum" -n testnet -w $BDK_fingerprint get_new_address`\n')])])]),t("p",[e._v('Et voilà: if we have done everything correctly, the newly created address in\nCore is the same of the newly created address in BDK. this is part of the\n"miracle" of descriptors\' interoperability.')]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"we-ask-for-testnet-coins-giving-the-first-created-address"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#we-ask-for-testnet-coins-giving-the-first-created-address"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" We ask for testnet coins giving the first created address.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('To find testnet coins for free, you can just google "testnet faucet" and you\nshould find some satoshis to play with. Just give to the site your first\ngenerated address and, in twenty minutes, you will find the satoshis in\nyour balance both in Core and in BDK.')]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('# to check it in Core:\n\nbitcoin-cli -testnet -rpcwallet=multisig2of2withBDK getbalance\n\n# In BDK:\n\n# Sync with the blockchain\nrepl -d "$BDK_rec_desc_chksum" -c "$BDK_chg_desc_chksum" -n testnet -w $BDK_fingerprint sync\n# Get the balance\nrepl -d "$BDK_rec_desc_chksum" -c "$BDK_chg_desc_chksum" -n testnet -w $BDK_fingerprint get_balance\n')])])]),t("p",[e._v("Some testnet faucets have an address to send back the unused satoshi after\nthe use. Take note of that because we will use it in the next step.")]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"4-we-return-part-of-the-satoshis-received-back-to-the-faucet"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#4-we-return-part-of-the-satoshis-received-back-to-the-faucet"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 4. we return part of the satoshis received back to the faucet")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('export psbt=$(bitcoin-cli -testnet -rpcwallet=multisig2of2withBDK walletcreatefundedpsbt "[]" "[{\\"tb1qrcesfj9f2d7x40xs6ztnlrcgxhh6vsw8658hjdhdy6qgkf6nfrds9rp79a\\":0.000012}]" | jq -r \'.psbt\')\n\nexport psbt=$(bitcoin-cli -testnet -rpcwallet=multisig2of2withBDK walletprocesspsbt $psbt | jq -r \'.psbt\')\n{\n "psbt": "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",\n "complete": false\n}\n')])])]),t("p",[e._v("Exactly! Note the "),t("code",[e._v('"complete": false')]),e._v(". We have processed the transaction with\nCore but we miss one of the necessary key of the multisig 2of2 setup (The one\ncontained inside BDK).")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[e._v("tb1qrcesfj9f2d7x40xs6ztnlrcgxhh6vsw8658hjdhdy6qgkf6nfrds9rp79a")]),e._v(" is the address\nwe got from the faucet site to return the satoshis.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0174",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("PSBT"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" is sent over to the BDK wallet owner who tries to sign the\ntransaction:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('repl -d "$BDK_rec_desc_chksum" -c "$BDK_chg_desc_chksum" -n testnet -w $BDK_fingerprint sign --psbt $psbt\n{\n "is_finalized": true,\n "psbt": "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"\n}\n')])])]),t("p",[e._v('The signature has succeded (note the "is_finalized": true,) and now we can\nbroadcast the transction.')]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('repl -d "$BDK_rec_desc_chksum" -c "$BDK_chg_desc_chksum" -n testnet -w $BDK_fingerprint broadcast --psbt "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"\n{\n "txid": "a0b082e3b0579822d4a0b0fa95a4c4662f6b128ffd43fdcfe53c37473ce85dee"\n}\n')])])]),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"conclusion"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#conclusion"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Conclusion")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We have built an HDM and we have used it with two indipendent wallets, which\nare compatible with "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0174",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("BIP 174"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinops.org/en/topics/output-script-descriptors/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Output Descriptors"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". Hopefully we\nwill see many other compatible wallets beyound "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoincore.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Bitcoin Core"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoindevkit.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("BDK"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(",\nwith which we will be able to easily set up multi signature schemes.")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=s.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[55],{410:function(e,t,r){"use strict";r.r(t);var a=r(7),s=Object(a.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("h2",{attrs:{id:"introduction"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#introduction"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Introduction")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("I have tried to setup a 2 of 2 multi signature infrastructure with two\ndifferent wallets, which know nothing about each other, but are compliant with\ntwo very important protocols: "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinops.org/en/topics/output-script-descriptors/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Output Descriptors"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0174",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Partially Signed\nBitcoin Transactions"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" described in BIP 174.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Before these two protocols came into existence, making a multi signature setup\nand spending from it was possible only if the involved parties were using the\nsame wallet (eg. Electrum Desktop Wallet). This limitation was due to the fact\nthat the two parties had to agree:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("on the particular type of script and address to use")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("on the way the transaction would be shared composed and signed with all the\ninvolved parties.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinops.org/en/topics/output-script-descriptors/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Output Descriptors"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" are a way to express which kind scriptPubKey and\naddresses to produce with a key or a series of keys.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0174",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("PSBT"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" is instead the standard protocol used to create a transaction and to enrich\nit with the necessary signatures and other components, to make it valid and complete.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Together they provide a common ground to create and use a multi signature\ninfrastructure in a heterogeneous environment, and this is what I have put\nto test.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-use-case"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-use-case"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The use case")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Imagine Alice and Bob owning a company and being willing to put the corporate cash\nin a 2of2 multi signature setup, so that each one of them have to agree and sign each\ntransaction.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-role-of-descriptors"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-role-of-descriptors"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The role of Descriptors")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("If Alice and Bob cannot agree on the software to use, to monitor the same financial\nsituation, the two software must control and produce exactly the same series\nof multisignature addresses.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("To make two different software produce the same addresses in a deterministic way\nwe must ensure that they:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("produce the same pair of public keys")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("combine them in the same order")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("put them inside the same scriptPubKey to produce the same address")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Here is where the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinops.org/en/topics/output-script-descriptors/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Output Descriptors"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" come into play. They describe:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("the sequence of public keys each extended key (xpub) will produce")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("the sequence in which the new public keys of various parties will enter into\nthe script")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("the type of script the wallet will prepare with that group keys and so the type\nof address the group of keys will produce.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[e._v("By sharing the same Descriptor, every compliant wallet will derive\ndeterministically the same series of multisig addresses")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Imagine Alice using Bitcoin Core (from now on "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoincore.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v('"Core"'),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(') as a\nWallet and Bob using a "Last generation" wallet, Bitcoin Development Kit\n(from now on '),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoindevkit.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v('"BDK"'),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v("), which uses descriptors and miniscript natively.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Each of these two software wallets should be able to:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("Create a new address which is seen as belonging to the multi signature\nwallet in both software")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Express the consent of each party by partially signing the transaction in a way\nthe other wallet can understand and complete it with its own signature.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The infrastructure of multiple Extended keys combined toghether to produce\nmultiple multisignature addresses is often referred as\n"),t("em",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Hierarchical Deterministic"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" multi signature wallet or HDM")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("What follows are the steps to create the HDM usable both in Core and\nin BDK.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("em",[e._v("Note: In Core, "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/16528",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Descriptor wallets"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" are still experimental and in general,\nboth wallets should be tested for descriptor capabilities only in testnet.")])]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"our-playground"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#our-playground"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Our playground")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We will build a 2of2 key set up that will be used cooperatively by Bitcoin Core\nand Bitcoin Development Kit.\nThe steps Alice and Bob will do are:")]),e._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[e._v("creation of the seed and the derived Extended Master Public and send it to\nthe other party")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Create the multi signature descriptor for each wallet")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Use each other's software to receive testnet coins from a faucet")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("return part of the coins to the faucet signing the transaction with both\nwallets.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We need:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoindevkit.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Bitcoin Dev Kit"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoincore.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Bitcoin Core"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" (v0.21.0 or later)")])]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"1-creating-the-seeds-and-the-derived-extended-public-keys"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#1-creating-the-seeds-and-the-derived-extended-public-keys"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 1. Creating the seeds and the derived Extended Public keys")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"seeds-and-extended-master-public"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#seeds-and-extended-master-public"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Seeds and Extended Master Public")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We build an Extended Private Master Key for both wallet and derive a BIP84\nExtended Master Public for Bitcoin Core and then for BDK.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("For Bitcoin Core (Alice):")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("# new Extended wallet data\nexport core_key=$(bdk-cli key generate)\n\n# New Extended Master Private\n\nexport core_xprv=$(echo $core_key | jq -r '.xprv')\n\n# Now I derive the xpubs (one for receiving and one for the change)\n# together with informations about the derivation path to be communicated\n# to BDK wallet's owner (Bob).\n\nexport core_xpub_84_for_rec_desc=$(bdk-cli key derive --path m/84h/0h/0h/0 --xprv $core_xprv | jq -r '.xpub')\nexport core_xpub_84_for_chg_desc=$(bdk-cli key derive --path m/84h/0h/0h/1 --xprv $core_xprv | jq -r '.xpub')\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("For BDK (Bob) we do the same:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("# new Extended wallet data\n\nexport BDK_key=$(bdk-cli key generate)\n\n# New Extended Master Private\n\nexport BDK_xprv=$(echo $BDK_key | jq -r '.xprv')\n\n# Now I build the derived xpubs to be communicated (to Alice).\n\nexport BDK_xpub_84_for_rec_desc=$(bdk-cli key derive --path m/84h/0h/0h/0 --xprv $BDK_xprv | jq -r '.xpub')\nexport BDK_xpub_84_for_chg_desc=$(bdk-cli key derive --path m/84h/0h/0h/1 --xprv $BDK_xprv | jq -r '.xpub')\n")])])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"2-creation-of-the-multi-signature-descriptor-for-each-wallet"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#2-creation-of-the-multi-signature-descriptor-for-each-wallet"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 2. Creation of the multi signature descriptor for each wallet")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("To build a multisig wallet, each wallet owner must compose the descriptor\nadding:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("his derived extended "),t("strong",[e._v("private")]),e._v(" key AND")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("all the extended "),t("strong",[e._v("public")]),e._v(" keys of the other wallets involved in the\nmulti signature setup")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("em",[e._v("The different nature of the two keys (one is private and one is public) is\ndue to the fact that each wallet, to be able to partially sign the transaction,\n"),t("strong",[e._v("must manage the private key of the wallet's owner")])]),e._v(" AND have the other\nparty's public key. Otherwise, if we put both public keys, we would obtain\na watch-only wallet unable to sign the transactions. If we\nhad both extended private keys inside the descriptor, we would allow each party\nto finalize the transactions autonomously.")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"in-bitcoin-core"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#in-bitcoin-core"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" In Bitcoin Core:")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In our case, the multi signature descriptor for Bitcoin Core will be composed\nwith:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("The BIP84 derived Extended "),t("strong",[e._v("Public")]),e._v(" Key from BDK")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("The BIP84 derived Extended "),t("strong",[e._v("Private")]),e._v(" Key from Core.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("BDK wallet's owner will send to Core's owner the derived xpub for this purpose.\nThis is how the Core's multisig descriptor will be created and put into an\nenvironment variable:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("export core_rec_desc=\"wsh(multi(2,$BDK_xpub_84_for_rec_desc,$core_xprv/84'/0'/0'/0/*))\"\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("Where of course "),t("code",[e._v("$BDK_xpub_84_for_rec_desc")]),e._v("is the derived master public created\nin BDK and received by Core's owner.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The meaning of what is before and after is illustrated in the doc that explain\nthe use of "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinops.org/en/topics/output-script-descriptors/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Output Descriptors in Bitcoin Core"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We add the necessary checksum using the specific "),t("code",[e._v("bitcoin-cli")]),e._v(" call.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("export core_rec_desc_chksum=$core_rec_desc#$(bitcoin-cli -testnet getdescriptorinfo $core_rec_desc | jq -r '.checksum')\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("We repeat the same to build the descriptor to receive the change.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("export core_chg_desc=\"wsh(multi(2,$BDK_xpub_84_for_chg_desc,$core_xprv/84'/0'/0'/1/*))\"\nexport core_chg_desc_chksum=$core_chg_desc#$(bitcoin-cli -testnet getdescriptorinfo $core_chg_desc|jq -r '.checksum')\n")])])]),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"in-bdk"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#in-bdk"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" In BDK:")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("For BDK we set the derivation for receiving addresses and change addresses\nin the command line (maybe setting an alias)")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Building the descriptor:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("export BDK_rec_desc=\"wsh(multi(2,$BDK_xprv/84'/0'/0'/0/*,$core_xpub_84_for_rec_desc))\"`\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("Please note that the order of the extended key in the descriptor MUST be the\nsame in the 2 wallets.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("em",[e._v("We have chosen to put BDK first and in each software wallet, the public key\nderived from BDK will always come first. In alternative, we could have chosen to\nproduce the descriptor, "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/17056?ref=tokendaily",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("chosing a "),t("code",[e._v("soretedmulti")]),e._v(" multisignature setup"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("export BDK_rec_desc_chksum=$BDK_rec_desc#$(bitcoin-cli -testnet getdescriptorinfo $BDK_rec_desc | jq -r '.checksum')\nexport BDK_chg_desc=\"wsh(multi(2,$BDK_xprv/84'/0'/0'/1/*,$core_xpub_84_for_chg_desc))\"\nexport BDK_chg_desc_chksum=$BDK_chg_desc#$(bitcoin-cli -testnet getdescriptorinfo $BDK_chg_desc | jq -r '.checksum')\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("To take a look at the variables we have produced so far:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("env | grep 'core_'\nenv | grep 'BDK_'\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("Now we will use the multisig descriptor wallet to receive testnet coins with\nAlice and Bob's software")]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"3-use-each-others-software-to-receive-testnet-coins-from-a-faucet"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#3-use-each-others-software-to-receive-testnet-coins-from-a-faucet"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 3. Use each other's software to receive testnet coins from a faucet")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"in-bitcoin-core-2"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#in-bitcoin-core-2"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" In Bitcoin Core")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('Alice must create an empty, experimental new "descriptors wallet" in Core and\nto import the multisig Output Descriptor.')]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('bitcoin-cli -testnet createwallet "multisig2of2withBDK" false true "" false true false\n')])])]),t("p",[e._v("The flag are to:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("use the private keys")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("make it empty")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("no password provided to the wallet")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("reusing of addresses not allowed")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v('"new experimental descriptors wallet"')]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("don't load it on start up")])]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('bitcoin-cli -testnet -rpcwallet=multisig2of2withBDK importdescriptors "[{\\"desc\\":\\"$core_rec_desc_chksum\\",\\"timestamp\\":\\"now\\",\\"active\\":true,\\"internal\\":false},{\\"desc\\":\\"$core_chg_desc_chksum\\",\\"timestamp\\":\\"now\\",\\"active\\":true,\\"internal\\":true}]"\n')])])]),t("p",[e._v("Now Alice asks for her first receiving multisignature address.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("export first_address=$(bitcoin-cli -testnet -rpcwallet=multisig2of2withBDK getnewaddress)\necho $first_address\n")])])]),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"bdk"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#bdk"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" BDK")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In BDK Bob can specify directly the descriptors on the command line to produce\nthe multisig address, because BDK is descriptors aware natively.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('repl -d "$BDK_rec_desc_chksum" -c "$BDK_chg_desc_chksum" -n testnet -w $BDK_fingerprint get_new_address`\n')])])]),t("p",[e._v('Et voilà: if we have done everything correctly, the newly created address in\nCore is the same of the newly created address in BDK. this is part of the\n"miracle" of descriptors\' interoperability.')]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"we-ask-for-testnet-coins-giving-the-first-created-address"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#we-ask-for-testnet-coins-giving-the-first-created-address"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" We ask for testnet coins giving the first created address.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('To find testnet coins for free, you can just google "testnet faucet" and you\nshould find some satoshis to play with. Just give to the site your first\ngenerated address and, in twenty minutes, you will find the satoshis in\nyour balance both in Core and in BDK.')]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('# to check it in Core:\n\nbitcoin-cli -testnet -rpcwallet=multisig2of2withBDK getbalance\n\n# In BDK:\n\n# Sync with the blockchain\nrepl -d "$BDK_rec_desc_chksum" -c "$BDK_chg_desc_chksum" -n testnet -w $BDK_fingerprint sync\n# Get the balance\nrepl -d "$BDK_rec_desc_chksum" -c "$BDK_chg_desc_chksum" -n testnet -w $BDK_fingerprint get_balance\n')])])]),t("p",[e._v("Some testnet faucets have an address to send back the unused satoshi after\nthe use. Take note of that because we will use it in the next step.")]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"4-we-return-part-of-the-satoshis-received-back-to-the-faucet"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#4-we-return-part-of-the-satoshis-received-back-to-the-faucet"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 4. we return part of the satoshis received back to the faucet")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('export psbt=$(bitcoin-cli -testnet -rpcwallet=multisig2of2withBDK walletcreatefundedpsbt "[]" "[{\\"tb1qrcesfj9f2d7x40xs6ztnlrcgxhh6vsw8658hjdhdy6qgkf6nfrds9rp79a\\":0.000012}]" | jq -r \'.psbt\')\n\nexport psbt=$(bitcoin-cli -testnet -rpcwallet=multisig2of2withBDK walletprocesspsbt $psbt | jq -r \'.psbt\')\n{\n "psbt": "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",\n "complete": false\n}\n')])])]),t("p",[e._v("Exactly! Note the "),t("code",[e._v('"complete": false')]),e._v(". We have processed the transaction with\nCore but we miss one of the necessary key of the multisig 2of2 setup (The one\ncontained inside BDK).")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[e._v("tb1qrcesfj9f2d7x40xs6ztnlrcgxhh6vsw8658hjdhdy6qgkf6nfrds9rp79a")]),e._v(" is the address\nwe got from the faucet site to return the satoshis.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0174",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("PSBT"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" is sent over to the BDK wallet owner who tries to sign the\ntransaction:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('repl -d "$BDK_rec_desc_chksum" -c "$BDK_chg_desc_chksum" -n testnet -w $BDK_fingerprint sign --psbt $psbt\n{\n "is_finalized": true,\n "psbt": "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"\n}\n')])])]),t("p",[e._v('The signature has succeded (note the "is_finalized": true,) and now we can\nbroadcast the transction.')]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v('repl -d "$BDK_rec_desc_chksum" -c "$BDK_chg_desc_chksum" -n testnet -w $BDK_fingerprint broadcast --psbt "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"\n{\n "txid": "a0b082e3b0579822d4a0b0fa95a4c4662f6b128ffd43fdcfe53c37473ce85dee"\n}\n')])])]),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"conclusion"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#conclusion"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Conclusion")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We have built an HDM and we have used it with two indipendent wallets, which\nare compatible with "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0174",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("BIP 174"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoinops.org/en/topics/output-script-descriptors/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Output Descriptors"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". Hopefully we\nwill see many other compatible wallets beyound "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoincore.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Bitcoin Core"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoindevkit.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("BDK"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(",\nwith which we will be able to easily set up multi signature schemes.")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=s.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/56.317bef0d.js b/assets/js/56.6f4a5401.js similarity index 99% rename from assets/js/56.317bef0d.js rename to assets/js/56.6f4a5401.js index 05d2b4e94a..5c98263227 100644 --- a/assets/js/56.317bef0d.js +++ b/assets/js/56.6f4a5401.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[56],{414:function(e,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var o=a(7),n=Object(o.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("p",[e._v("This post is part 1 of 3 of a series. ("),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/01/fee-estimation-for-light-clients-part-2/"}},[e._v("Part 2")]),e._v(", "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/01/fee-estimation-for-light-clients-part-3/"}},[e._v("Part 3")]),e._v(")")],1),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#introduction-what-is-fee-estimation"}},[e._v("Introduction: what is fee estimation?")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#the-problem"}},[e._v("The problem")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#the-challenges-and-the-solution"}},[e._v("The challenges and the solution")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#the-question"}},[e._v("The question")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#the-data-logger"}},[e._v("The data logger")])])])])]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"introduction-what-is-fee-estimation"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#introduction-what-is-fee-estimation"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Introduction: what is fee estimation?")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Fee estimation is the process of selecting the fee rate"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn1",id:"fnref1"}},[e._v("[1]")])]),e._v(" for a bitcoin transaction being created, according to two main factors:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("The current congestion of the Bitcoin network.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("The urgency, or lack thereof, for the transaction confirmation, i.e, its inclusion in a block.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("A fee rate should be adequate to the above factors: a fee too high would be a waste of money, because the same result could have been achieved with a lower expense. On the other hand, a fee rate too low would wait for a confirmation longer than planned or, even worse, the transaction could not be confirmed at all.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-problem"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-problem"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The problem")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Bitcoin Core offers fee estimation through the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoincore.org/en/doc/0.20.0/rpc/util/estimatesmartfee/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("estimatesmartfee")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" RPC method, and there are also a lot of third-party "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://b10c.me/blog/003-a-list-of-public-bitcoin-feerate-estimation-apis/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("fee estimators"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" online, so do we need yet another estimator?")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The model used by Bitcoin Core is not well suited for light-clients such as mobile wallets, even when running in pruned mode. Online estimators are lacking in terms of:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("Privacy: Contacting the server leaks your IP (unless you are using Tor or a VPN), and the request timing may be used to correlate the request to a transaction broadcasted to the network soon thereafter.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Security: A malicious estimator could provide a high fee rate leading to a waste of money, or a low fee rate hampering the transaction confirmation.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Replace By Fee (RBF) and Child Pays For Parent (CPFP) are techniques that can somewhat minimize the fee estimation problem, because one could simply underestimate the fee rate and then raise it when necessary, however:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("RBF and CPFP may leak more information, such as patterns that may allow to detect the kind of wallet used, or which one of the transaction outputs is the change.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v('Requires additional interaction: the client must come back "online" to perform the fee bump. Sometimes this might be impractical or risky, for instance when using an offline signer or a multisignature with geographically distributed keys.')])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Thus, this work is an effort to build a "),t("strong",[e._v("good fee estimator for purely peer to peer light clients")]),e._v(" such as "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0157.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("neutrino"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" based ones, or at least determine whether the approach we take is infeasible and open the discussion\nfor other, better, models.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In the meantime, another sub-goal is pursued: attract the interest of data scientists; Indeed the initial step for this analysis consists in constructing a data set, which could also also help kickstart other studies on fee estimation or, more broadly, on the Bitcoin mempool.")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"the-challenges-and-the-solution"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-challenges-and-the-solution"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The challenges and the solution")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The hardest part of doing fee estimation on a light client is the lack of information: for example, Bitcoin Core's "),t("code",[e._v("estimatesmartfee")]),e._v(" uses up to the last 1008 blocks and knows everything about the mempool"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn2",id:"fnref2"}},[e._v("[2]")])]),e._v(", such as the fee rate of every transaction it contains, but a light-client does not.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Also, there are other factors that may help doing fee estimation, such as the day of the week (the mempool usually empties during the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.blockchainresearchlab.org/2020/03/30/a-week-with-bitcoin-transaction-timing-and-transaction-fees/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("weekend"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(") or the time of the day to anticipate recurring daily events\n(such as the batch of "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://b10c.me/mempool-observations/2-bitmex-broadcast-13-utc/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bitmex withdrawals"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(").")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The idea is to apply Machine Learning (ML) techniques"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn3",id:"fnref3"}},[e._v("[3]")])]),e._v(" to discover patterns over what a light-client knows and see if they are enough to achieve consistently good estimations.")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"the-question"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-question"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The question")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('We are going to use a DNN (Deep Neural Network), a ML technique in the supervised learning branch. The "ELI5" is: give a lot of example inputs and the desired output to a black box; if there are correlations between inputs and outputs,\nand there are enough examples, the black box will eventually start predicting the correct output even with inputs it has never seen before.')]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("To define our inputs and outputs, we need to start from the question we want to answer. For a fee estimator this is:")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("em",[e._v('"Which minimum fee rate should I use if I want this transaction to be confirmed in at most '),t("code",[e._v("n")]),e._v(' blocks?"')])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("This can be translated to a table with many rows like:")]),e._v(" "),t("table",[t("thead",[t("tr",[t("th",[e._v("confirms_in")]),e._v(" "),t("th",[e._v("other_information")]),e._v(" "),t("th",[e._v("fee_rate")])])]),e._v(" "),t("tbody",[t("tr",[t("td",[e._v("1")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("...")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("100.34")])]),e._v(" "),t("tr",[t("td",[e._v("2")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("...")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("84.33")])]),e._v(" "),t("tr",[t("td",[e._v("10")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("...")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("44.44")])])])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("where the "),t("code",[e._v("fee_rate")]),e._v(' column is the output we want, also called the "'),t("em",[e._v("target")]),e._v('" or "'),t("em",[e._v("label")]),e._v('" in ML terminology, and the other columns are our inputs.')]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Can we build this table just by looking at the Bitcoin blockchain? Unfortunately, we can't:\nThe main thing that's missing is an indication of when the node first saw a transaction that has been later confirmed in a block. With that knowledge we can say that the fee rate of that transaction was the exact value required to confirm\nwithin the number of blocks it actually took to be confirmed. For instance, if we see transaction "),t("code",[e._v("t")]),e._v(" when the blockchain is at height "),t("code",[e._v("1000")]),e._v(" and then we notice that "),t("code",[e._v("t")]),e._v(" has been included in block "),t("code",[e._v("1006")]),e._v(", we can deduce that the\nfee rate paid by "),t("code",[e._v("t")]),e._v(" was the exact value required to get confirmed within the next "),t("code",[e._v("6")]),e._v(" blocks.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("So to build our model, we first need to gather these data, and machine learning needs a "),t("em",[e._v("lot")]),e._v(" of data to work well.")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"the-data-logger"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-data-logger"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The data logger")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/bitcoin_logger",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("data logger"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" is built with the purpose of collecting all the data we need, and it's MIT licensed open source software written in Rust.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We need to register the moment in time when transactions enter in the node's mempool; to be efficient and precise we should not only call the RPC endpoints but listen to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/zmq.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("ZMQ"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" events. Luckily, the just released bitcoin core 0.21.0 added a new "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/zmq.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("ZMQ"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" topic "),t("code",[e._v("zmqpubsequence")]),e._v(" notifying mempool events (and block events). The logger is also listening to "),t("code",[e._v("zmqpubrawtx")]),e._v(" and "),t("code",[e._v("zmqpubrawblock")]),e._v(" topics, to make less RPC calls.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We are not only interested in the timestamp of the transaction entering the mempool, but also how many blocks it will take until the same transaction is confirmed.\nIn the final dataset this field is called "),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in")]),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn4",id:"fnref4"}},[e._v("[4]")])]),e._v("; if "),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in = 1")]),e._v(" it means the transaction is confirmed in the first block created after it has been seen for the first time.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Another critical piece of information logged by the data logger is the "),t("code",[e._v("fee_rate")]),e._v(" of the transaction, since the absolute fee value paid by a bitcoin transaction is not available nor derivable given only the transaction itself, as the inputs don't have explicit amounts.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("All these data (apart from the time of the transaction entering in the mempool) can actually be reconstructed simply by looking at the blockchain. However, querying the bitcoin node can be fairly slow, and during the model training iterations we want to recreate the ML dataset rapidly"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn5",id:"fnref5"}},[e._v("[5]")])]),e._v(", for example whenever we need to modify or add a new field.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("For these reasons, the logger is split into two parts: a process listening to the events sent by our node, which creates raw logs, and then a second process that uses these logs to create the final CSV dataset.\nRaw logs are self-contained: for example, they contain all the previous transaction output values for every relevant transaction. This causes some redundancy, but in this case it's better to trade some efficiency for more performance\nwhen recreating the dataset.")]),e._v(" "),t("figure",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"/img/fee-estimation-for-light-clients/high-level-graph.svg",alt:"High level graph"}})]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("My logger instance started collecting data on the 18th of December 2020, and as of today (25th January 2020), the raw logs are about 16GB.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("I expect (or at least hope) the raw logs, the CSV dataset, or the data logger will be useful also for other projects as well, like monitoring the propagation of transactions or other works involving raw mempool data. We will share raw logs data through torrent soon.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In the following "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/01/fee-estimation-for-light-clients-part-2/"}},[e._v("Part 2")]),e._v(" we are going to talk about the dataset.")],1),e._v(" "),t("hr",{staticClass:"footnotes-sep"}),e._v(" "),t("section",{staticClass:"footnotes"},[t("ol",{staticClass:"footnotes-list"},[t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn1"}},[t("p",[e._v("The transaction fee rate is the ratio between the absolute fee expressed in satoshi, over the weight of the transaction measured in virtual bytes. The weight of the transaction is similar to the byte size, however a part of the transaction (the segwit part) is discounted, their byte size is considered less because it creates less burden for the network. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref1"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn2"}},[t("p",[e._v("mempool is the set of transactions that are valid by consensus rules (for example, they are spending existing bitcoin), broadcasted in the bitcoin peer to peer network, but they are not yet part of the blockchain. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref2"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn3"}},[t("p",[e._v("DISCLAIMER: I am not an expert data-scientist! "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref3"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn4"}},[t("p",[e._v("Conceptually similar to bitcoin core "),t("code",[e._v("estimatesmartfee")]),e._v(' parameter called "blocks target", however, '),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in")]),e._v(" is the real value not the desired target. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref4"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn5"}},[t("p",[e._v("16GB of compressed raw logs are processed and a compressed CSV produced in about 5 minutes. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref5"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])])])])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=n.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[56],{413:function(e,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var o=a(7),n=Object(o.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("p",[e._v("This post is part 1 of 3 of a series. ("),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/01/fee-estimation-for-light-clients-part-2/"}},[e._v("Part 2")]),e._v(", "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/01/fee-estimation-for-light-clients-part-3/"}},[e._v("Part 3")]),e._v(")")],1),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#introduction-what-is-fee-estimation"}},[e._v("Introduction: what is fee estimation?")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#the-problem"}},[e._v("The problem")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#the-challenges-and-the-solution"}},[e._v("The challenges and the solution")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#the-question"}},[e._v("The question")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#the-data-logger"}},[e._v("The data logger")])])])])]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"introduction-what-is-fee-estimation"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#introduction-what-is-fee-estimation"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Introduction: what is fee estimation?")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Fee estimation is the process of selecting the fee rate"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn1",id:"fnref1"}},[e._v("[1]")])]),e._v(" for a bitcoin transaction being created, according to two main factors:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("The current congestion of the Bitcoin network.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("The urgency, or lack thereof, for the transaction confirmation, i.e, its inclusion in a block.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("A fee rate should be adequate to the above factors: a fee too high would be a waste of money, because the same result could have been achieved with a lower expense. On the other hand, a fee rate too low would wait for a confirmation longer than planned or, even worse, the transaction could not be confirmed at all.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-problem"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-problem"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The problem")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Bitcoin Core offers fee estimation through the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://bitcoincore.org/en/doc/0.20.0/rpc/util/estimatesmartfee/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("estimatesmartfee")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" RPC method, and there are also a lot of third-party "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://b10c.me/blog/003-a-list-of-public-bitcoin-feerate-estimation-apis/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("fee estimators"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" online, so do we need yet another estimator?")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The model used by Bitcoin Core is not well suited for light-clients such as mobile wallets, even when running in pruned mode. Online estimators are lacking in terms of:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("Privacy: Contacting the server leaks your IP (unless you are using Tor or a VPN), and the request timing may be used to correlate the request to a transaction broadcasted to the network soon thereafter.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Security: A malicious estimator could provide a high fee rate leading to a waste of money, or a low fee rate hampering the transaction confirmation.")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Replace By Fee (RBF) and Child Pays For Parent (CPFP) are techniques that can somewhat minimize the fee estimation problem, because one could simply underestimate the fee rate and then raise it when necessary, however:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("RBF and CPFP may leak more information, such as patterns that may allow to detect the kind of wallet used, or which one of the transaction outputs is the change.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v('Requires additional interaction: the client must come back "online" to perform the fee bump. Sometimes this might be impractical or risky, for instance when using an offline signer or a multisignature with geographically distributed keys.')])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Thus, this work is an effort to build a "),t("strong",[e._v("good fee estimator for purely peer to peer light clients")]),e._v(" such as "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0157.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("neutrino"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" based ones, or at least determine whether the approach we take is infeasible and open the discussion\nfor other, better, models.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In the meantime, another sub-goal is pursued: attract the interest of data scientists; Indeed the initial step for this analysis consists in constructing a data set, which could also also help kickstart other studies on fee estimation or, more broadly, on the Bitcoin mempool.")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"the-challenges-and-the-solution"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-challenges-and-the-solution"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The challenges and the solution")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The hardest part of doing fee estimation on a light client is the lack of information: for example, Bitcoin Core's "),t("code",[e._v("estimatesmartfee")]),e._v(" uses up to the last 1008 blocks and knows everything about the mempool"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn2",id:"fnref2"}},[e._v("[2]")])]),e._v(", such as the fee rate of every transaction it contains, but a light-client does not.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Also, there are other factors that may help doing fee estimation, such as the day of the week (the mempool usually empties during the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.blockchainresearchlab.org/2020/03/30/a-week-with-bitcoin-transaction-timing-and-transaction-fees/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("weekend"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(") or the time of the day to anticipate recurring daily events\n(such as the batch of "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://b10c.me/mempool-observations/2-bitmex-broadcast-13-utc/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bitmex withdrawals"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(").")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The idea is to apply Machine Learning (ML) techniques"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn3",id:"fnref3"}},[e._v("[3]")])]),e._v(" to discover patterns over what a light-client knows and see if they are enough to achieve consistently good estimations.")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"the-question"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-question"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The question")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('We are going to use a DNN (Deep Neural Network), a ML technique in the supervised learning branch. The "ELI5" is: give a lot of example inputs and the desired output to a black box; if there are correlations between inputs and outputs,\nand there are enough examples, the black box will eventually start predicting the correct output even with inputs it has never seen before.')]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("To define our inputs and outputs, we need to start from the question we want to answer. For a fee estimator this is:")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("em",[e._v('"Which minimum fee rate should I use if I want this transaction to be confirmed in at most '),t("code",[e._v("n")]),e._v(' blocks?"')])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("This can be translated to a table with many rows like:")]),e._v(" "),t("table",[t("thead",[t("tr",[t("th",[e._v("confirms_in")]),e._v(" "),t("th",[e._v("other_information")]),e._v(" "),t("th",[e._v("fee_rate")])])]),e._v(" "),t("tbody",[t("tr",[t("td",[e._v("1")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("...")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("100.34")])]),e._v(" "),t("tr",[t("td",[e._v("2")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("...")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("84.33")])]),e._v(" "),t("tr",[t("td",[e._v("10")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("...")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("44.44")])])])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("where the "),t("code",[e._v("fee_rate")]),e._v(' column is the output we want, also called the "'),t("em",[e._v("target")]),e._v('" or "'),t("em",[e._v("label")]),e._v('" in ML terminology, and the other columns are our inputs.')]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Can we build this table just by looking at the Bitcoin blockchain? Unfortunately, we can't:\nThe main thing that's missing is an indication of when the node first saw a transaction that has been later confirmed in a block. With that knowledge we can say that the fee rate of that transaction was the exact value required to confirm\nwithin the number of blocks it actually took to be confirmed. For instance, if we see transaction "),t("code",[e._v("t")]),e._v(" when the blockchain is at height "),t("code",[e._v("1000")]),e._v(" and then we notice that "),t("code",[e._v("t")]),e._v(" has been included in block "),t("code",[e._v("1006")]),e._v(", we can deduce that the\nfee rate paid by "),t("code",[e._v("t")]),e._v(" was the exact value required to get confirmed within the next "),t("code",[e._v("6")]),e._v(" blocks.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("So to build our model, we first need to gather these data, and machine learning needs a "),t("em",[e._v("lot")]),e._v(" of data to work well.")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"the-data-logger"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-data-logger"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The data logger")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/bitcoin_logger",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("data logger"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" is built with the purpose of collecting all the data we need, and it's MIT licensed open source software written in Rust.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We need to register the moment in time when transactions enter in the node's mempool; to be efficient and precise we should not only call the RPC endpoints but listen to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/zmq.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("ZMQ"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" events. Luckily, the just released bitcoin core 0.21.0 added a new "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/zmq.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("ZMQ"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" topic "),t("code",[e._v("zmqpubsequence")]),e._v(" notifying mempool events (and block events). The logger is also listening to "),t("code",[e._v("zmqpubrawtx")]),e._v(" and "),t("code",[e._v("zmqpubrawblock")]),e._v(" topics, to make less RPC calls.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("We are not only interested in the timestamp of the transaction entering the mempool, but also how many blocks it will take until the same transaction is confirmed.\nIn the final dataset this field is called "),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in")]),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn4",id:"fnref4"}},[e._v("[4]")])]),e._v("; if "),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in = 1")]),e._v(" it means the transaction is confirmed in the first block created after it has been seen for the first time.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Another critical piece of information logged by the data logger is the "),t("code",[e._v("fee_rate")]),e._v(" of the transaction, since the absolute fee value paid by a bitcoin transaction is not available nor derivable given only the transaction itself, as the inputs don't have explicit amounts.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("All these data (apart from the time of the transaction entering in the mempool) can actually be reconstructed simply by looking at the blockchain. However, querying the bitcoin node can be fairly slow, and during the model training iterations we want to recreate the ML dataset rapidly"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn5",id:"fnref5"}},[e._v("[5]")])]),e._v(", for example whenever we need to modify or add a new field.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("For these reasons, the logger is split into two parts: a process listening to the events sent by our node, which creates raw logs, and then a second process that uses these logs to create the final CSV dataset.\nRaw logs are self-contained: for example, they contain all the previous transaction output values for every relevant transaction. This causes some redundancy, but in this case it's better to trade some efficiency for more performance\nwhen recreating the dataset.")]),e._v(" "),t("figure",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"/img/fee-estimation-for-light-clients/high-level-graph.svg",alt:"High level graph"}})]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("My logger instance started collecting data on the 18th of December 2020, and as of today (25th January 2020), the raw logs are about 16GB.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("I expect (or at least hope) the raw logs, the CSV dataset, or the data logger will be useful also for other projects as well, like monitoring the propagation of transactions or other works involving raw mempool data. We will share raw logs data through torrent soon.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In the following "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/01/fee-estimation-for-light-clients-part-2/"}},[e._v("Part 2")]),e._v(" we are going to talk about the dataset.")],1),e._v(" "),t("hr",{staticClass:"footnotes-sep"}),e._v(" "),t("section",{staticClass:"footnotes"},[t("ol",{staticClass:"footnotes-list"},[t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn1"}},[t("p",[e._v("The transaction fee rate is the ratio between the absolute fee expressed in satoshi, over the weight of the transaction measured in virtual bytes. The weight of the transaction is similar to the byte size, however a part of the transaction (the segwit part) is discounted, their byte size is considered less because it creates less burden for the network. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref1"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn2"}},[t("p",[e._v("mempool is the set of transactions that are valid by consensus rules (for example, they are spending existing bitcoin), broadcasted in the bitcoin peer to peer network, but they are not yet part of the blockchain. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref2"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn3"}},[t("p",[e._v("DISCLAIMER: I am not an expert data-scientist! "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref3"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn4"}},[t("p",[e._v("Conceptually similar to bitcoin core "),t("code",[e._v("estimatesmartfee")]),e._v(' parameter called "blocks target", however, '),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in")]),e._v(" is the real value not the desired target. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref4"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn5"}},[t("p",[e._v("16GB of compressed raw logs are processed and a compressed CSV produced in about 5 minutes. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref5"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])])])])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=n.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/58.de4ccb60.js b/assets/js/58.8864ccb6.js similarity index 99% rename from assets/js/58.de4ccb60.js rename to assets/js/58.8864ccb6.js index 9b7103f1c2..aa9093ab6e 100644 --- a/assets/js/58.de4ccb60.js +++ b/assets/js/58.8864ccb6.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[58],{416:function(e,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var n=a(7),s=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("p",[e._v("This post is part 3 of 3 of a series. ("),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/01/fee-estimation-for-light-clients-part-1/"}},[e._v("Part 1")]),e._v(", "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/01/fee-estimation-for-light-clients-part-2/"}},[e._v("Part 2")]),e._v(")")],1),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#the-model"}},[e._v("The model")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#splitting"}},[e._v("Splitting")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#preprocessing"}},[e._v("Preprocessing")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#build"}},[e._v("Build")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#finally--training"}},[e._v("Finally, training")])])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#the-prediction-phase"}},[e._v("The prediction phase")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#conclusion-and-future-development"}},[e._v("Conclusion and future development")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#acknowledgements"}},[e._v("Acknowledgements")])])]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-model"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-model"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The model")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The code building and training the model with "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("tensorflow"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" is available in "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1yamwh8nE4NhmGButep-pfUT-1uRKs49a?usp=sharing",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("google colab notebook"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" (jupyter notebook); you can also download the file as plain python and run it locally. At least 1 hour is needed to train the full model, but it heavily depends on the hardware available.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"/img/fee-estimation-for-light-clients/20210125-091313-confirms_in-fee_rate.png",alt:"graph confirm_in blocks vs fee_rate"}})]),t("div",{attrs:{align:"center"}},[e._v("Do you want to choose the fee without a model? In the last 5 weeks a ~50 sat/vbyte transaction never took more than a day to confirm and a ~10 sat/vbyte never took more than a week")]),t("br"),t("p"),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("As a reference, in the code we have a calculation of the bitcoin core "),t("code",[e._v("estimatesmartfee")]),e._v(" MAE"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn1",id:"fnref1"}},[e._v("[1]")])]),e._v(" and drift"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn2",id:"fnref2"}},[e._v("[2]")])]),e._v(".\nMAE is computed as "),t("code",[e._v("avg(abs(fee_rate - core_econ))")]),e._v(" when "),t("code",[e._v("core_econ")]),e._v(" is available (about 1.2M observations, sometime the value is not available when considered too old).")]),e._v(" "),t("table",[t("thead",[t("tr",[t("th",[e._v("estimatesmartfee mode")]),e._v(" "),t("th",[e._v("MAE [satoshi/vbytes]")]),e._v(" "),t("th",[e._v("drift")])])]),e._v(" "),t("tbody",[t("tr",[t("td",[e._v("economic")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("28.77")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("20.79")])]),e._v(" "),t("tr",[t("td",[e._v("conservative")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("46.49")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("44.73")])])])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("As seen from the table, the error is quite high, but the positive drift suggests "),t("code",[e._v("estimatesmartfee")]),e._v(" prefers to overestimate to avoid transactions not confirming.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('As we said in the introduction, network traffic is correlated with time and we have the timestamp of when the transaction has been first seen, however a ML model doesn\'t like plain numbers too much, but it behaves better with "number that repeats", like categories, so we are converting the timestamp in '),t("code",[e._v("day_of_week")]),e._v(" a number from 0 to 6, and "),t("code",[e._v("hours")]),e._v(" a number from 0 to 24.")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"splitting"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#splitting"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Splitting")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The dataset is splitted in training and test data with a 80/20 proportion. As the name suggest the training part is used to train the model, the test is composed of other observations to test if the model is good with observations that has never seen (proving the model can generalize, not just memorizing the answer).")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("During the training the data is splitted again in 80/20 for training and validation respectively, validation is basically testing during training.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("During splitting, the dataset is converted from a pandas data frame to tensorflow dataset, decreasing training times.")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"preprocessing"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#preprocessing"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Preprocessing")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The preprocessing phase is part of the model however it contains transformations without parameters trained by the model.\nThis transformations are useful because model trains better if data are in some format, and having this phase inside the model helps to avoid to prepare the data before feeding the model at prediction phase.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Our model performs 2 kind of preprocessing:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("p",[e._v("Normalization: model trains faster if numerical features have mean 0 and standard deviation equal to 1, so this layer is built by computing the "),t("code",[e._v("mean")]),e._v(" and "),t("code",[e._v("std")]),e._v(" from the series of a feature before training, and the model is feed with "),t("code",[e._v("(feature - mean)/std")]),e._v(". Our model normalize "),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in")]),e._v(" feature and all the buckets "),t("code",[e._v("a*")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[e._v("one-hot vector: Numerical categories having a small number of different unique values like our "),t("code",[e._v("day_of_week")]),e._v(" and "),t("code",[e._v("hours")]),e._v(" could be trained better/faster by being converted in one hot vector. 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Trainable parameters are values initialized randomly and changed during the training phase. The trainable parameters are "),t("code",[e._v("7,361")]),e._v(", this number comes from the following, every neuron has an associated bias and a weight for every element in the inputs, thus:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("48")]),e._v(" input_values_weights + "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("1")]),e._v(" bias"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v(" * "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("64")]),e._v(" first_layer_neurons"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n+ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("64")]),e._v(" input_values_weights + "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("1")]),e._v(" bias"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v(" * "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("64")]),e._v(" second layer neurons"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n+ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("64")]),e._v(" input values weights + "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("1")]),e._v(" bias"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("49")]),e._v("*64+65*64+65 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("7361")]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("Honestly, neural network parameters are mostly the one taken from this tensorflow "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/keras/regression",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("example"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", we even tried to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/keras/keras_tuner",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("tune hyperparameters"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", however, we decided to follow this "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/keras/overfit_and_underfit#demonstrate_overfitting",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("advice"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(": "),t("em",[e._v('"The simplest way to prevent overfitting is to start with a small model:"')]),e._v(". We hope this work will attract other data scientists to this bitcoin problem, improving the model. We also think that a longer time for the data collection is needed to capture various situations.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("A significant part of a ML model are the activation functions, "),t("code",[e._v("relu")]),e._v(" (Rectified Linear Unit) is one of the most used lately, because it's simple and works well as we learned in this "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://youtu.be/aircAruvnKk?t=1035",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("introducing neural network video"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". "),t("code",[e._v("relu")]),e._v(" it's equal to zero for negative values and equal to the input for positive values. Being non-linear allows the whole model to be non-linear.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("For the last layer it is different: we want to enforce a minimum for the output, which is the minimum relay fee "),t("code",[e._v("1.0")]),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn3",id:"fnref3"}},[e._v("[3]")])]),e._v(". One could not simply cut the output of the model after prediction because all the training would not consider this constraint. So we need to build a custom activation function that the model training will be able to use for the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_descent#:~:text=Gradient%20descent%20is%20a%20first,the%20direction%20of%20steepest%20descent.",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("gradient descent"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" optimization step. Luckily this is very simple using tensorflow primitives:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("def clip(x):\n min = tf.constant(1.0)\n return tf.where(tf.less(x, min), min, x)\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("Another important part is the optimizer, when we first read the aforementioned "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/keras/regression",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("example"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" the optimizer used was "),t("code",[e._v("RMSProp")]),e._v(" however the example updated lately and we noticed the optimizer changed in favor of "),t("code",[e._v("Adam")]),e._v(" which we read is the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://towardsdatascience.com/adam-latest-trends-in-deep-learning-optimization-6be9a291375c",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("latest trend"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" in data science. We changed the model to use "),t("code",[e._v("Adam")]),e._v(" and effectively the training is faster with "),t("code",[e._v("Adam")]),e._v(" and even slightly lower error is achieved.\nAnother important parameter is the learning rate, which we set to "),t("code",[e._v("0.01")]),e._v(" after manual trials; however there might be space for improvements such as using "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/compat/v1/train/exponential_decay",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("exponential decay"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", starting with an high learning rate and decreasing it through training epochs.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('The last part of the model configuration is the loss function: the objective of the training is to find the minimum of this function. Usually for regression problem (the ones having a number as output, not a category) the most used is the Mean squared error (MSE). MSE is measured as the average of squared difference between predictions and actual observations, giving larger penalties to large difference because of the square. An interesting property is that the bigger the error the faster the changes is good at the beginning of the training, while slowing down when the model predicts better is desirable to avoid "jumping out" the local minimum.')]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"finally-the-model-training"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#finally-the-model-training"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Finally, the model training")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("PATIENCE = 20\nMAX_EPOCHS = 200\n\ndef train():\n early_stop = keras.callbacks.EarlyStopping(monitor='val_loss', patience=PATIENCE)\n history = model.fit(train_ds, epochs=MAX_EPOCHS, validation_data=val_ds, verbose=1, callbacks=[early_stop])\n return history\n\nhistory = train()\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("This steps is the core of the neural network, it takes a while, let's analyze the output:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("Epoch 1/200\n7559/7559 [==============================] - 34s 3ms/step - loss: 547.8023 - mae: 16.9547 - mse: 547.8023 - val_loss: 300.5965 - val_ma\ne: 11.9202 - val_mse: 300.5965\n...\nEpoch 158/200\n7559/7559 [==============================] - 31s 3ms/step - loss: 163.2548 - mae: 8.3126 - mse: 163.2548 - val_loss: 164.8296 - val_mae: 8.3402 - val_mse: 164.8296\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("Training is done in epochs, under every epoch all the training data is iterated and model parameters updated to minimize the loss function.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The number "),t("code",[e._v("7559")]),e._v(" represent the number of steps. Theoretically the whole training data should be processed at once and parameters updated accordingly, however in practice this is infeasible for example for memory resource, thus the training happens in batch. In our case we have "),t("code",[e._v("1,934,999")]),e._v(" observations in the training set and our batch size is "),t("code",[e._v("256")]),e._v(", thus we have "),t("code",[e._v("1,437,841/256=7,558.58")]),e._v(" which by excess result in "),t("code",[e._v("7559")]),e._v(" steps.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The "),t("code",[e._v("~31s")]),e._v(" is the time it takes to process the epoch on a threadripper CPU but GPU or TPU could do better.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The value "),t("code",[e._v("loss")]),e._v(" is the MSE on the training data while "),t("code",[e._v("val_loss")]),e._v(" is the MSE value on the validation data. As far as we understand the separated validation data helps to detect the machine learning enemy, overfitting. Because in case of overfitting the value "),t("code",[e._v("loss")]),e._v(" continue to improve (almost indefinitely) while "),t("code",[e._v("val_loss")]),e._v(" start improving with the loss but a certain point diverge, indicating the network is memorizing the training data to improve "),t("code",[e._v("loss")]),e._v(" but in doing so losing generalizing capabilities.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Our model doesn't look to suffer overfitting cause "),t("code",[e._v("loss")]),e._v(" and "),t("code",[e._v("val_loss")]),e._v(" doesn't diverge during training")]),e._v(" "),t("figure",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"/img/fee-estimation-for-light-clients/20210125-091313-train-history.png",alt:"train history"}})]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("While we told the training to do 200 epochs, the training stopped at 158 because we added an "),t("code",[e._v("early_stop")]),e._v(" call back with "),t("code",[e._v("20")]),e._v(" as "),t("code",[e._v("PATIENCE")]),e._v(", meaning that after 20 epoch and no improvement in "),t("code",[e._v("val_loss")]),e._v(" the training is halted, saving time and potentially avoiding overfitting.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-prediction-phase"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-prediction-phase"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The prediction phase")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("A "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/estimate_ml_fee",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("prediction test tool"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" is available on github. At the moment it uses a bitcoin core node to provide network data for simplicity, but it queries it only for the mempool and the last 6 blocks, so it's something that also a light-client could do"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn4",id:"fnref4"}},[e._v("[4]")])]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The following chart is probably the best visualization to evaluate the model, on the x axis there is the real fee rate while on the y axis there is the prediction, the more the points are centered on the bisection, the more the model is good.\nWe can see the model is doing quite well, the MAE is 8 which is way lower than "),t("code",[e._v("estimatesmartfee")]),e._v(". However, there are big errors some times, in particular for prediction for fast confirmation ("),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in=1 or confirms_in=2")]),e._v(") as shown by the orange points. Creating a model only for blocks target greater than 2 instead of simply remove some observations may be an option.")]),e._v(" "),t("figure",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"/img/fee-estimation-for-light-clients/20210125-091313-true-and-predictions.png",alt:"prediction results"}})]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The following chart is instead a distribution of the errors, which for good model should resemble the normal distribution centered in 0, and it loooks like the model is respecting that.")]),e._v(" "),t("figure",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"/img/fee-estimation-for-light-clients/20210125-091313-error-distribution.png",alt:"error distribution"}})]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"conclusion-and-future-development"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#conclusion-and-future-development"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Conclusion and future development")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The results have shown deep neural network are a tool capable of good bitcoin transaction fee estimations; this suggests that further ML research in this area might be promising.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("This is just a starting point, there are many future improvements such as:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("Build a separate model with full knowledge, thus for full, always-connected nodes could be interesting and improve network resource allocation with respect to current estimators.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Tensorflow is a huge dependency, and since it contains all the feature to build and train a model, most of the feature are not needed in the prediction phase. In fact tensorflow lite exists which is specifically created for embedded and mobile devices; the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/estimate_ml_fee",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("prediction test tool"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and the final integration in "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" should use it.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Explore other fields to improve model predictions such as:\n"),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("A bucket array of the transactions in the last 6 blocks with known fee rates. This should in particular help estimations with almost empty mempool.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Transaction weight")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Time from last block")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Some fields are very important and could benefit from pre-processing expansion, for instance applying "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/structured_data/feature_columns#hashed_feature_columns",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("hashed feature columns"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" to "),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Bitcoin logger could be improved by a merge command to unify raw logs files, reducing redundancy and consequently disk occupation.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("The dataset could be created in multiple files to allow more parallelism and use less memory during training.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Saving the dataset in "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/load_data/tfrecord",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("TFRecord format"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" instead of CSV")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("At the moment we are training the model on a threadripper CPU, training the code on GPU or even TPU will be needed to decrease training time, especially because input data will grow.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("The "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/estimate_ml_fee",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("prediction test tool"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" should estimate only using the p2p bitcoin network, without requiring a node. This work would be propedeutic for "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" integration")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("At the moment mempool buckets are multiple inputs "),t("code",[e._v("a*")]),e._v(" as show in the model graph; since they are related, is it possible to merge them in one TensorArray?")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Sometimes the model does not learn and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/bitcoin_logger/blob/master/notes.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("gets stuck"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". The reason is the "),t("code",[e._v("clip")]),e._v(" function applied in the last layer is constant for a value lower than 1. In this case, the derivative is 0 and the gradient descent doesn't know where to go. Instead of using the "),t("code",[e._v("clip")]),e._v(" function apply penalties to the loss function for values lower than 1.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("There are issues regarding dead neurons (going to 0) or neurons with big weight, weight results should be monitored for this events, and also weight decay and L2 regularization should be explored.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Tune hyper-parameters technique should be re-tested.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Predictions should be monotonic decreasing for growing "),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in")]),e._v(" parameter; for obvious reason it doesn't make sense that an higher fee rate will result in a higher confirmation time. But since this is not enforced anywhere in the model, at the moment this could happen.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Since nodes with bloom filter disabled doesn't serve the mempool anymore, a model based only on last blocks should be evaluated.")])]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"acknowledgements"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#acknowledgements"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Acknowledgements")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Thanks to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://squarecrypto.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Square crypto"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" for sponsoring this work and thanks to the reviewers: "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/LeoComandini",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Leonardo Comandini"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/domegabri",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Domenico Gabriele"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/afilini",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Alekos Filini"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/Ferdinando1970",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Ferdinando Ametrano"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("And also this tweet that remembered me "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/RCasatta",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("I"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" had this work in my TODO list")]),e._v(" "),t("blockquote",{staticClass:"twitter-tweet"},[t("p",{attrs:{lang:"en",dir:"ltr"}},[e._v("I don't understand Machine Learning(ML), but is it horrible to use ML to predict bitcoin fees? "),t("br"),t("br"),e._v('I have heard tales of this "Deep Learning" thing where you throw a bunch of data at it and it gives you good results with high accuracy.')]),e._v("— sanket1729 (@sanket1729) "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/sanket1729/status/1336624662365822977?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"}},[e._v("December 9, 2020")])]),e._v(" "),t("script",{attrs:{async:"",src:"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js",charset:"utf-8"}}),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("This is the final part of the series. In the previous "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/01/fee-estimation-for-light-clients-part-1/"}},[e._v("Part 1")]),e._v(" we talked about the problem and in "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/01/fee-estimation-for-light-clients-part-2/"}},[e._v("Part 2")]),e._v(" we talked about the dataset.")],1),e._v(" "),t("hr",{staticClass:"footnotes-sep"}),e._v(" "),t("section",{staticClass:"footnotes"},[t("ol",{staticClass:"footnotes-list"},[t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn1"}},[t("p",[e._v("MAE is Mean Absolute Error, which is the average of the series built by the absolute difference between the real value and the estimation. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref1"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn2"}},[t("p",[e._v("drift like MAE, but without the absolute value "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref2"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn3"}},[t("p",[e._v("Most node won't relay transactions with fee lower than the min relay fee, which has a default of "),t("code",[e._v("1.0")]),e._v(" "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref3"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn4"}},[t("p",[e._v("An important issue emerged after the article came out, a bitcoin core client with bloom filter disabled (default as of 0.21) doesn't serve the mempool via p2p. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref4"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])])])])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=s.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[58],{418:function(e,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var n=a(7),s=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("p",[e._v("This post is part 3 of 3 of a series. 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At least 1 hour is needed to train the full model, but it heavily depends on the hardware available.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"/img/fee-estimation-for-light-clients/20210125-091313-confirms_in-fee_rate.png",alt:"graph confirm_in blocks vs fee_rate"}})]),t("div",{attrs:{align:"center"}},[e._v("Do you want to choose the fee without a model? In the last 5 weeks a ~50 sat/vbyte transaction never took more than a day to confirm and a ~10 sat/vbyte never took more than a week")]),t("br"),t("p"),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("As a reference, in the code we have a calculation of the bitcoin core "),t("code",[e._v("estimatesmartfee")]),e._v(" MAE"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn1",id:"fnref1"}},[e._v("[1]")])]),e._v(" and drift"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn2",id:"fnref2"}},[e._v("[2]")])]),e._v(".\nMAE is computed as "),t("code",[e._v("avg(abs(fee_rate - core_econ))")]),e._v(" when "),t("code",[e._v("core_econ")]),e._v(" is available (about 1.2M observations, sometime the value is not available when considered too old).")]),e._v(" "),t("table",[t("thead",[t("tr",[t("th",[e._v("estimatesmartfee mode")]),e._v(" "),t("th",[e._v("MAE [satoshi/vbytes]")]),e._v(" "),t("th",[e._v("drift")])])]),e._v(" "),t("tbody",[t("tr",[t("td",[e._v("economic")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("28.77")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("20.79")])]),e._v(" "),t("tr",[t("td",[e._v("conservative")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("46.49")]),e._v(" "),t("td",[e._v("44.73")])])])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("As seen from the table, the error is quite high, but the positive drift suggests "),t("code",[e._v("estimatesmartfee")]),e._v(" prefers to overestimate to avoid transactions not confirming.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('As we said in the introduction, network traffic is correlated with time and we have the timestamp of when the transaction has been first seen, however a ML model doesn\'t like plain numbers too much, but it behaves better with "number that repeats", like categories, so we are converting the timestamp in '),t("code",[e._v("day_of_week")]),e._v(" a number from 0 to 6, and "),t("code",[e._v("hours")]),e._v(" a number from 0 to 24.")]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"splitting"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#splitting"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Splitting")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The dataset is splitted in training and test data with a 80/20 proportion. 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Trainable parameters are values initialized randomly and changed during the training phase. The trainable parameters are "),t("code",[e._v("7,361")]),e._v(", this number comes from the following, every neuron has an associated bias and a weight for every element in the inputs, thus:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("48")]),e._v(" input_values_weights + "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("1")]),e._v(" bias"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v(" * "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("64")]),e._v(" first_layer_neurons"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n+ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("64")]),e._v(" input_values_weights + "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("1")]),e._v(" bias"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v(" * "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("64")]),e._v(" second layer neurons"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n+ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("64")]),e._v(" input values weights + "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("1")]),e._v(" bias"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("49")]),e._v("*64+65*64+65 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v("7361")]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("Honestly, neural network parameters are mostly the one taken from this tensorflow "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/keras/regression",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("example"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", we even tried to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/keras/keras_tuner",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("tune hyperparameters"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", however, we decided to follow this "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/keras/overfit_and_underfit#demonstrate_overfitting",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("advice"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(": "),t("em",[e._v('"The simplest way to prevent overfitting is to start with a small model:"')]),e._v(". We hope this work will attract other data scientists to this bitcoin problem, improving the model. We also think that a longer time for the data collection is needed to capture various situations.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("A significant part of a ML model are the activation functions, "),t("code",[e._v("relu")]),e._v(" (Rectified Linear Unit) is one of the most used lately, because it's simple and works well as we learned in this "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://youtu.be/aircAruvnKk?t=1035",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("introducing neural network video"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". "),t("code",[e._v("relu")]),e._v(" it's equal to zero for negative values and equal to the input for positive values. Being non-linear allows the whole model to be non-linear.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("For the last layer it is different: we want to enforce a minimum for the output, which is the minimum relay fee "),t("code",[e._v("1.0")]),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn3",id:"fnref3"}},[e._v("[3]")])]),e._v(". One could not simply cut the output of the model after prediction because all the training would not consider this constraint. So we need to build a custom activation function that the model training will be able to use for the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_descent#:~:text=Gradient%20descent%20is%20a%20first,the%20direction%20of%20steepest%20descent.",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("gradient descent"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" optimization step. Luckily this is very simple using tensorflow primitives:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("def clip(x):\n min = tf.constant(1.0)\n return tf.where(tf.less(x, min), min, x)\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("Another important part is the optimizer, when we first read the aforementioned "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/keras/regression",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("example"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" the optimizer used was "),t("code",[e._v("RMSProp")]),e._v(" however the example updated lately and we noticed the optimizer changed in favor of "),t("code",[e._v("Adam")]),e._v(" which we read is the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://towardsdatascience.com/adam-latest-trends-in-deep-learning-optimization-6be9a291375c",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("latest trend"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" in data science. We changed the model to use "),t("code",[e._v("Adam")]),e._v(" and effectively the training is faster with "),t("code",[e._v("Adam")]),e._v(" and even slightly lower error is achieved.\nAnother important parameter is the learning rate, which we set to "),t("code",[e._v("0.01")]),e._v(" after manual trials; however there might be space for improvements such as using "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/compat/v1/train/exponential_decay",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("exponential decay"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", starting with an high learning rate and decreasing it through training epochs.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('The last part of the model configuration is the loss function: the objective of the training is to find the minimum of this function. Usually for regression problem (the ones having a number as output, not a category) the most used is the Mean squared error (MSE). MSE is measured as the average of squared difference between predictions and actual observations, giving larger penalties to large difference because of the square. An interesting property is that the bigger the error the faster the changes is good at the beginning of the training, while slowing down when the model predicts better is desirable to avoid "jumping out" the local minimum.')]),e._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"finally-the-model-training"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#finally-the-model-training"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Finally, the model training")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("PATIENCE = 20\nMAX_EPOCHS = 200\n\ndef train():\n early_stop = keras.callbacks.EarlyStopping(monitor='val_loss', patience=PATIENCE)\n history = model.fit(train_ds, epochs=MAX_EPOCHS, validation_data=val_ds, verbose=1, callbacks=[early_stop])\n return history\n\nhistory = train()\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("This steps is the core of the neural network, it takes a while, let's analyze the output:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("Epoch 1/200\n7559/7559 [==============================] - 34s 3ms/step - loss: 547.8023 - mae: 16.9547 - mse: 547.8023 - val_loss: 300.5965 - val_ma\ne: 11.9202 - val_mse: 300.5965\n...\nEpoch 158/200\n7559/7559 [==============================] - 31s 3ms/step - loss: 163.2548 - mae: 8.3126 - mse: 163.2548 - val_loss: 164.8296 - val_mae: 8.3402 - val_mse: 164.8296\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("Training is done in epochs, under every epoch all the training data is iterated and model parameters updated to minimize the loss function.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The number "),t("code",[e._v("7559")]),e._v(" represent the number of steps. Theoretically the whole training data should be processed at once and parameters updated accordingly, however in practice this is infeasible for example for memory resource, thus the training happens in batch. In our case we have "),t("code",[e._v("1,934,999")]),e._v(" observations in the training set and our batch size is "),t("code",[e._v("256")]),e._v(", thus we have "),t("code",[e._v("1,437,841/256=7,558.58")]),e._v(" which by excess result in "),t("code",[e._v("7559")]),e._v(" steps.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The "),t("code",[e._v("~31s")]),e._v(" is the time it takes to process the epoch on a threadripper CPU but GPU or TPU could do better.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The value "),t("code",[e._v("loss")]),e._v(" is the MSE on the training data while "),t("code",[e._v("val_loss")]),e._v(" is the MSE value on the validation data. As far as we understand the separated validation data helps to detect the machine learning enemy, overfitting. Because in case of overfitting the value "),t("code",[e._v("loss")]),e._v(" continue to improve (almost indefinitely) while "),t("code",[e._v("val_loss")]),e._v(" start improving with the loss but a certain point diverge, indicating the network is memorizing the training data to improve "),t("code",[e._v("loss")]),e._v(" but in doing so losing generalizing capabilities.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Our model doesn't look to suffer overfitting cause "),t("code",[e._v("loss")]),e._v(" and "),t("code",[e._v("val_loss")]),e._v(" doesn't diverge during training")]),e._v(" "),t("figure",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"/img/fee-estimation-for-light-clients/20210125-091313-train-history.png",alt:"train history"}})]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("While we told the training to do 200 epochs, the training stopped at 158 because we added an "),t("code",[e._v("early_stop")]),e._v(" call back with "),t("code",[e._v("20")]),e._v(" as "),t("code",[e._v("PATIENCE")]),e._v(", meaning that after 20 epoch and no improvement in "),t("code",[e._v("val_loss")]),e._v(" the training is halted, saving time and potentially avoiding overfitting.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-prediction-phase"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-prediction-phase"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" The prediction phase")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("A "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/estimate_ml_fee",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("prediction test tool"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" is available on github. At the moment it uses a bitcoin core node to provide network data for simplicity, but it queries it only for the mempool and the last 6 blocks, so it's something that also a light-client could do"),t("sup",{staticClass:"footnote-ref"},[t("a",{attrs:{href:"#fn4",id:"fnref4"}},[e._v("[4]")])]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The following chart is probably the best visualization to evaluate the model, on the x axis there is the real fee rate while on the y axis there is the prediction, the more the points are centered on the bisection, the more the model is good.\nWe can see the model is doing quite well, the MAE is 8 which is way lower than "),t("code",[e._v("estimatesmartfee")]),e._v(". However, there are big errors some times, in particular for prediction for fast confirmation ("),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in=1 or confirms_in=2")]),e._v(") as shown by the orange points. Creating a model only for blocks target greater than 2 instead of simply remove some observations may be an option.")]),e._v(" "),t("figure",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"/img/fee-estimation-for-light-clients/20210125-091313-true-and-predictions.png",alt:"prediction results"}})]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The following chart is instead a distribution of the errors, which for good model should resemble the normal distribution centered in 0, and it loooks like the model is respecting that.")]),e._v(" "),t("figure",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"/img/fee-estimation-for-light-clients/20210125-091313-error-distribution.png",alt:"error distribution"}})]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"conclusion-and-future-development"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#conclusion-and-future-development"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Conclusion and future development")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The results have shown deep neural network are a tool capable of good bitcoin transaction fee estimations; this suggests that further ML research in this area might be promising.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("This is just a starting point, there are many future improvements such as:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("Build a separate model with full knowledge, thus for full, always-connected nodes could be interesting and improve network resource allocation with respect to current estimators.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Tensorflow is a huge dependency, and since it contains all the feature to build and train a model, most of the feature are not needed in the prediction phase. In fact tensorflow lite exists which is specifically created for embedded and mobile devices; the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/estimate_ml_fee",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("prediction test tool"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and the final integration in "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" should use it.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Explore other fields to improve model predictions such as:\n"),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("A bucket array of the transactions in the last 6 blocks with known fee rates. This should in particular help estimations with almost empty mempool.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Transaction weight")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Time from last block")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Some fields are very important and could benefit from pre-processing expansion, for instance applying "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/structured_data/feature_columns#hashed_feature_columns",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("hashed feature columns"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" to "),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Bitcoin logger could be improved by a merge command to unify raw logs files, reducing redundancy and consequently disk occupation.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("The dataset could be created in multiple files to allow more parallelism and use less memory during training.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Saving the dataset in "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/load_data/tfrecord",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("TFRecord format"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" instead of CSV")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("At the moment we are training the model on a threadripper CPU, training the code on GPU or even TPU will be needed to decrease training time, especially because input data will grow.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("The "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/estimate_ml_fee",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("prediction test tool"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" should estimate only using the p2p bitcoin network, without requiring a node. This work would be propedeutic for "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoindevkit/bdk",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("bdk"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" integration")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("At the moment mempool buckets are multiple inputs "),t("code",[e._v("a*")]),e._v(" as show in the model graph; since they are related, is it possible to merge them in one TensorArray?")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Sometimes the model does not learn and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/RCasatta/bitcoin_logger/blob/master/notes.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("gets stuck"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". The reason is the "),t("code",[e._v("clip")]),e._v(" function applied in the last layer is constant for a value lower than 1. In this case, the derivative is 0 and the gradient descent doesn't know where to go. Instead of using the "),t("code",[e._v("clip")]),e._v(" function apply penalties to the loss function for values lower than 1.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("There are issues regarding dead neurons (going to 0) or neurons with big weight, weight results should be monitored for this events, and also weight decay and L2 regularization should be explored.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Tune hyper-parameters technique should be re-tested.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Predictions should be monotonic decreasing for growing "),t("code",[e._v("confirms_in")]),e._v(" parameter; for obvious reason it doesn't make sense that an higher fee rate will result in a higher confirmation time. But since this is not enforced anywhere in the model, at the moment this could happen.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Since nodes with bloom filter disabled doesn't serve the mempool anymore, a model based only on last blocks should be evaluated.")])]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"acknowledgements"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#acknowledgements"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Acknowledgements")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Thanks to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://squarecrypto.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Square crypto"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" for sponsoring this work and thanks to the reviewers: "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/LeoComandini",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Leonardo Comandini"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/domegabri",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Domenico Gabriele"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/afilini",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Alekos Filini"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/Ferdinando1970",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Ferdinando Ametrano"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("And also this tweet that remembered me "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/RCasatta",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("I"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" had this work in my TODO list")]),e._v(" "),t("blockquote",{staticClass:"twitter-tweet"},[t("p",{attrs:{lang:"en",dir:"ltr"}},[e._v("I don't understand Machine Learning(ML), but is it horrible to use ML to predict bitcoin fees? "),t("br"),t("br"),e._v('I have heard tales of this "Deep Learning" thing where you throw a bunch of data at it and it gives you good results with high accuracy.')]),e._v("— sanket1729 (@sanket1729) "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/sanket1729/status/1336624662365822977?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"}},[e._v("December 9, 2020")])]),e._v(" "),t("script",{attrs:{async:"",src:"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js",charset:"utf-8"}}),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("This is the final part of the series. In the previous "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/01/fee-estimation-for-light-clients-part-1/"}},[e._v("Part 1")]),e._v(" we talked about the problem and in "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/blog/2021/01/fee-estimation-for-light-clients-part-2/"}},[e._v("Part 2")]),e._v(" we talked about the dataset.")],1),e._v(" "),t("hr",{staticClass:"footnotes-sep"}),e._v(" "),t("section",{staticClass:"footnotes"},[t("ol",{staticClass:"footnotes-list"},[t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn1"}},[t("p",[e._v("MAE is Mean Absolute Error, which is the average of the series built by the absolute difference between the real value and the estimation. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref1"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn2"}},[t("p",[e._v("drift like MAE, but without the absolute value "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref2"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn3"}},[t("p",[e._v("Most node won't relay transactions with fee lower than the min relay fee, which has a default of "),t("code",[e._v("1.0")]),e._v(" "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref3"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",{staticClass:"footnote-item",attrs:{id:"fn4"}},[t("p",[e._v("An important issue emerged after the article came out, a bitcoin core client with bloom filter disabled (default as of 0.21) doesn't serve the mempool via p2p. "),t("a",{staticClass:"footnote-backref",attrs:{href:"#fnref4"}},[e._v("↩︎")])])])])])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=s.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/59.7e9a8d23.js b/assets/js/59.10a6a8e7.js similarity index 99% rename from assets/js/59.7e9a8d23.js rename to assets/js/59.10a6a8e7.js index 4e9bb3d3ca..e48d0d319a 100644 --- a/assets/js/59.7e9a8d23.js +++ b/assets/js/59.10a6a8e7.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[59],{417:function(e,t,s){"use strict";s.r(t);var n=s(7),a=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("p",[e._v("This is the first of a two-parts blog series in which I will try to explain all the changes that I made to BDK (and some of its dependencies) to make our "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/afilini/status/1459763243556163584",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("first Taproot transaction in mainnet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", which also\nturned out to be "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/afilini/status/1459774394054725634",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("the first ever use of the new "),t("code",[e._v("OP_CHECKSIGADD")]),e._v(" opcode"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Hopefully this will give an insight into what kind of changes need to be made to a wallet in order to support spending "),t("code",[e._v("P2TR")]),e._v(" outputs, both with key-spend and script-spend. BDK actually delegates\nmost of the hard work to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-miniscript",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-miniscript"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", and luckily most of the Taproot code was already implemented by the time I started working on it. I only had to patch a few little bugs here and there, and it ended up\nworking flawlessly in the end.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In this first part I will focus on the changes made to our dependencies, "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-bitcoin",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-bitcoin"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-miniscript",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-miniscript"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". In the second part I will talk about BDK itself.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"backstory"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#backstory"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Backstory")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("On the evening of Thursday, November 11th I was attending our weekly "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.satoshispritz.com/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Satoshi Spritz"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" meetup in Milan. The activation of Taproot was right around the corner, and naturally that was the main discussion\ntopic that night. The activation was forecasted for the early afternoon of Sunday, November 14th, a little less than 72h later.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("I began to wonder how hard it would be to patch BDK and add support for Taproot. I knew most of the work had already been done in our main dependencies, "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-bitcoin",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-bitcoin"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-miniscript",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-miniscript"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", and so I decided\nto challenge myself: could I make it in time for the activation?")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('The following day I started digging into the topic. It didn\'t help that up until that time I only had a rather "high level" idea of how Taproot worked, but luckily all the BIPs were very well written and\nstraightforward to understand.')]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("By Friday night (or rather, early Saturday morning) "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/signet/tx/ba0ebb350717701ca4ea109aadfbaf3058f6cd73e5ece3927ddee653de06cf5a",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("I had Taproot key-spend working"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", which made me pretty optimistic even though the activation date was actually moving closer, now being forecasted for\nSunday "),t("em",[e._v("morning")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("After a few hours of sleep I went back to work and by early Saturday afternoon "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/signet/tx/41d7d49f9f4edffa9ca88ad6fb887fbf1ae68f9f31def267fdb3a5949f766bf5",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("I had Taproot script-spend working as well"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". This left me a few hours to coordinate with some friends and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/address/1Taproote7gvQGKz5g982ecSbPvqJhMUf",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("generate a vanity address"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v("\nto deposit funds into temporarily, as we didn't trust sending them to Taproot addresses before the activation (as they were anyone-can-spend according to the pre-activation rules).")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("After another pretty short night, I woke up a 5:30 AM on Sunday to monitor the activation. I broadcasted our transactions shortly after 6:00 AM as the activation block was being mined. Unfortunately, the first\nthree blocks that were enforcing Taproot rules "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2021-November/019598.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("didn't include any Taproot transaction"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", which indicates that the miners weren't actually running the new Bitcoin Core 22.0 nodes. The fourth block, mined by "),t("code",[e._v("Foundry USA")]),e._v(" "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/tx/2eb8dbaa346d4be4e82fe444c2f0be00654d8cfd8c4a9a61b11aeaab8c00b272",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("included my transaction"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/achow101/status/1459760452775387136?s=20",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("a few others"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In the end our transaction was the third Taproot script-spend in the block, but the first to use the new "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0342.mediawiki#script-execution",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("OP_CHECKSIGADD")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" opcode, as the two preceding it were respectively "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/tx/37777defed8717c581b4c0509329550e344bdc14ac38f71fc050096887e535c8",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("a single-sig"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/tx/905ecdf95a84804b192f4dc221cfed4d77959b81ed66013a7e41a6e61e7ed530",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("a 2-of-2 multisig"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v("\nscript, made with with two "),t("code",[e._v("OP_CHECKSIG(VERIFY)")]),e._v("s.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Now, with the context out of the way, we can begin talking about the code!")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"rust-bitcoin"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#rust-bitcoin"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" rust-bitcoin")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The first dependency I had to update was "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-bitcoin",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-bitcoin"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". Most of the taproot stuff were already merged in "),t("code",[e._v("master")]),e._v(" (altough they hadn't been released yet). One notable missing part was the support for "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0371.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("BIP371")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(",\nwhich is an extension of "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0174.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("BIP174")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", aka the "),t("code",[e._v("Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction")]),e._v(" BIP. This new BIP defines a few new fields that are required to properly handle Taproot transactions.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Luckily most of the work had already been done by "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/sanket1729",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("sanket1729"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", so I forked his branch and made only few very minor changes, just to expose a structure that I will have to use later which in his code wasn't public.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("You can find all the commits mentioned here in "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/afilini/rust-bitcoin/tree/taproot-testing",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("my rust-bitcoin "),t("code",[e._v("taproot-testing")]),e._v(" branch"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git diff 187234f f830df9\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs\nindex 87d9c36..d5e5802 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/lib.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/lib.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(unused_mut)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(dead_code)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(unused_imports)]\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(missing_docs)]\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(unused_must_use)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(broken_intra_doc_links)]\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/util/taproot.rs b/src/util/taproot.rs\nindex 674eeee..3d56cbc 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/util/taproot.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/util/taproot.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ impl TaprootBuilder {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("// Internally used structure to represent the node information in taproot tree\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v('#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("pub(crate) struct NodeInfo {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("pub struct NodeInfo {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" /// Merkle Hash for this node\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub(crate) hash: sha256::Hash,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" /// information about leaves inside this node\n")])]),e._v("@@ -448,8 +448,12 @@ pub(crate) struct NodeInfo {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("}\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("impl NodeInfo {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn hash(&self) -> &sha256::Hash {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" &self.hash\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Create a new NodeInfo with omitted/hidden info\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn new_hidden(hash: sha256::Hash) -> Self {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn new_hidden(hash: sha256::Hash) -> Self {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Self {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" hash: hash,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" leaves: vec![],\n")])]),e._v("@@ -457,7 +461,7 @@ impl NodeInfo {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Create a new leaf with NodeInfo\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn new_leaf_with_ver(script: Script, ver: LeafVersion) -> Self {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn new_leaf_with_ver(script: Script, ver: LeafVersion) -> Self {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let leaf = LeafInfo::new(script, ver);\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Self {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" hash: leaf.hash(),\n")])]),e._v("@@ -466,7 +470,7 @@ impl NodeInfo {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Combine two NodeInfo's to create a new parent\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn combine(a: Self, b: Self) -> Result {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn combine(a: Self, b: Self) -> Result {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let mut all_leaves = Vec::with_capacity(a.leaves.len() + b.leaves.len());\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" for mut a_leaf in a.leaves {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" a_leaf.merkle_branch.push(b.hash)?; // add hashing partner\n")])]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("There isn't much to explain here: I disabled the "),t("code",[e._v("missing_docs")]),e._v(" lint so that the compiler wouldn't complain about the new public methods that aren't documented.\nThen, I added a getter for the "),t("code",[e._v("hash")]),e._v(" field of "),t("code",[e._v("NodeInfo")]),e._v(" and made the struct itself and a bunch of methods public.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('We will use this structure later to recover the merkle root of a Taproot script tree, given one leaf and the other "hidden" branches.')]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"rust-miniscript"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#rust-miniscript"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" rust-miniscript")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Moving on to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-miniscript",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-miniscript"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(': once again, most of the work required to support Taproot had already been done, but this time I was working with very "early" prototype-like code, so I was prepared to\nmake some changes to the code to get it to work how I wanted.')]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Instead of showing one big diff I will talk about the commits individually, which I think will help making more clear what I was doing.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Once again, you can find all the commits referenced here in "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/afilini/rust-miniscript/tree/taproot",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("my rust-miniscript "),t("code",[e._v("taproot")]),e._v(" branch"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show 34cf15b\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 34cf15b3aac1d8c2693af1b9749b888f3f29e510\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Fri Nov 12 12:06:35 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Fix TapTree iter depth\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/descriptor/tr.rs b/src/descriptor/tr.rs\nindex 79d3c05..314c7f4 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/descriptor/tr.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/descriptor/tr.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl TapTree {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" /// Iterate over all miniscripts\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn iter(&self) -> TapTreeIter {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" TapTreeIter { stack: vec![self] }\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" TapTreeIter { stack: vec![(0, self)] }\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Helper function to translate keys\n")])]),e._v("@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ pub struct TapTreeIter<'a, Pk: MiniscriptKey>\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("where\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Pk: 'a,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("{\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" stack: Vec<&'a TapTree>,\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" stack: Vec<(usize, &'a TapTree)>,\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("}\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("impl<'a, Pk> Iterator for TapTreeIter<'a, Pk>\n")])]),e._v("@@ -273,13 +273,13 @@ where\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" while !self.stack.is_empty() {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' let last = self.stack.pop().expect("Size checked above");\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' let (depth, last) = self.stack.pop().expect("Size checked above");\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match &*last {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" TapTree::Tree(l, r) => {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" self.stack.push(&r);\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" self.stack.push(&l);\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" self.stack.push((depth + 1, &r));\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" self.stack.push((depth + 1, &l));\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" TapTree::Leaf(ref ms) => return Some((self.stack.len(), ms)),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" TapTree::Leaf(ref ms) => return Some((depth, ms)),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" None\n")])])])])]),t("p",[t("code",[e._v("TapTreeIterator")]),e._v(" is an iterator that goes through a "),t("code",[e._v("TapTree")]),e._v(" and yields a "),t("code",[e._v("(depth, node)")]),e._v(" pair. This is then fed to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/afilini/rust-miniscript/blob/taproot/src/descriptor/tr.rs#L183-L189",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("TaprootBuilder")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", which returns an error if trying to insert nodes\nin "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/afilini/rust-bitcoin/blob/taproot-testing/src/util/taproot.rs#L403-L405",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("an order that is not DFS"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The way the depth was computed before made the builder always fail for non-trivial trees (i.e. more than 1 node).")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Here I decided to play the safe card, and just keep track of the depth explicitly: I think there might be a way to compute the depth just knowing the "),t("code",[e._v("self.stack.len()")]),e._v(" (assuming the tree has a specific structure,\nwhich I'm not sure applies here), but anyway I didn't have much time to think about it and I just went for the \"dumb but idiot-proof\" way which ended up working fine.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show f4a3459\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit f4a3459128e37ca0c2701b8b6da064d4952296ff\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 14:15:52 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Switch rust-bitcoin rev\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml\nindex 12825e8..8240024 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/Cargo.toml")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/Cargo.toml")]),e._v('\n@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ rand = ["bitcoin/rand"]\n\n'),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("[dependencies]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v('# bitcoin = "0.27"\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v('bitcoin = {git = "https://github.com/sanket1729/rust-bitcoin", branch = "taproot_psbt"}\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v('bitcoin = { git = "https://github.com/afilini/rust-bitcoin.git", branch = "taproot-testing" }\n')])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("[dependencies.serde]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v('version = "1.0"\n')])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("Trivial commit, switch to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/afilini/rust-bitcoin/tree/taproot-testing",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("my fork of rust-bitcoin"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" so that I can make changes if necessary.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show 0446b16\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 0446b1631cec9f7118d46f0f4c94ccd20de29f94\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 14:25:18 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Parse x-only keys\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/descriptor/key.rs b/src/descriptor/key.rs\nindex 4108d00..b7f90b5 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/descriptor/key.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/descriptor/key.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -283,9 +283,9 @@ impl FromStr for DescriptorPublicKey {\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' // A "raw" public key without any origin is the least we accept.\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if s.len() < 66 {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if s.len() < 64 {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" return Err(DescriptorKeyParseError(\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' "Key too short (<66 char), doesn\'t match any format",\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' "Key too short (<64 char), doesn\'t match any format",\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" ));\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("\n@@ -301,6 +301,14 @@ impl FromStr for DescriptorPublicKey {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" derivation_path,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" wildcard,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }))\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" } else if key_part.len() == 64 {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // x-only pubkey, prefix it with `02`\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' let key = bitcoin::PublicKey::from_str(&format!("02{}", key_part))\n')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' .map_err(|_| DescriptorKeyParseError("Error while parsing x-only public key"))?;\n')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Ok(DescriptorPublicKey::SinglePub(DescriptorSinglePub {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" key,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" origin,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }))\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" } else {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if key_part.len() >= 2\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' && !(&key_part[0..2] == "02" || &key_part[0..2] == "03" || &key_part[0..2] == "04")\n')])]),e._v("diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs\nindex e168b16..3a2335e 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/lib.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/lib.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("@@ -95,8 +95,6 @@")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(non_snake_case)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(unused_mut)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(dead_code)]\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(unused_imports)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(missing_docs)]\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("pub extern crate bitcoin;\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v('#[cfg(feature = "serde")]\n')])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("This, I'm not really sure of: Taproot uses x-only public keys, which means that the first byte (which is usually a "),t("code",[e._v("03")]),e._v(" or a "),t("code",[e._v("02")]),e._v(") that indicates the parity of the EC point is completely dropped, and it's implicit\nthat the point is even (= "),t("code",[e._v("02")]),e._v("). Check out "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("BIP340")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" for a much better explanation.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("So here when I find a string that is only 64 characters long I will assume it's an x-only pubkey, and I will parse it as a normal "),t("code",[e._v("bitcoin::PublicKey")]),e._v(" by prefixing it with "),t("code",[e._v("02")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("I guess one alternative could have been to try and parse it as a "),t("code",[e._v("schnorr::PublicKey")]),e._v(' and then "convert" it to a '),t("code",[e._v("ecdsa::PublicKey")]),e._v(" which should be supported, but once again I just wanted to get it done quickly and\nthis worked fine.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("I also disabled the "),t("code",[e._v("unused_imports")]),e._v(" and "),t("code",[e._v("missing_docs")]),e._v(" lint so that the compiler wouldn't whine too much.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show 87316ff\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 87316fffd06ab3bdf300fd1a958ddaa2789a6696\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 14:26:01 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Parse `tr()` descriptors\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/descriptor/mod.rs b/src/descriptor/mod.rs\nindex 06d98e1..4190786 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/descriptor/mod.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/descriptor/mod.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -610,6 +610,7 @@ where\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' ("wpkh", 1) => Descriptor::Wpkh(Wpkh::from_tree(top)?),\n')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' ("sh", 1) => Descriptor::Sh(Sh::from_tree(top)?),\n')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' ("wsh", 1) => Descriptor::Wsh(Wsh::from_tree(top)?),\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' ("tr", _) => Descriptor::Tr(Tr::from_tree(top)?),\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" _ => Descriptor::Bare(Bare::from_tree(top)?),\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" })\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("diff --git a/src/expression.rs b/src/expression.rs\nindex 1cef614..11a68d3 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/expression.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/expression.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -100,7 +100,12 @@ impl<'a> Tree<'a> {\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" sl = &sl[n + 1..];\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" loop {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let (arg, new_sl) = Tree::from_slice_helper_round(sl, depth + 1)?;\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let (arg, new_sl) = if sl.contains('{') {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Tree::from_slice_helper_curly(sl, depth + 1)?\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" } else {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Tree::from_slice_helper_round(sl, depth + 1)?\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" };\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" ret.args.push(arg);\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if new_sl.is_empty() {\n")])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("When trying to parse a descriptor (essentially turning a recursive string of "),t("code",[e._v("operator(args)")]),e._v(" into an abstract tree in memory) use a "),t("em",[e._v("curly-bracket-aware")]),e._v(" parser if there is one in the string.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The code to then build a "),t("code",[e._v("Tr")]),e._v(" struct given an "),t("code",[e._v("expression::Tree")]),e._v(" (and the "),t("code",[e._v("from_slice_helper_curly")]),e._v(" function) were already implemented, so it was just a matter of correctly\nbuilding the abstract tree by parsing curly brackets in descriptors.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show 3055cab\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 3055cabef8bd51eda344ce501b03c533fd367b4f\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 14:26:30 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Fix control block creation when satisfying `Tr`\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/descriptor/tr.rs b/src/descriptor/tr.rs\nindex 314c7f4..8487d56 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/descriptor/tr.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/descriptor/tr.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -571,17 +571,14 @@ impl DescriptorTrait for Tr {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" } else {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let ver = LeafVersion::default();\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let leaf_script = (ms.encode(), ver);\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let control_block_set = spend_info\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .as_script_map()\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .get(&leaf_script)\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' .expect("Control block must exist in script map for every known leaf");\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // let control_block_set = spend_info\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // .as_script_map()\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // .get(&leaf_script)\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' // .expect("Control block must exist in script map for every known leaf");\n')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' let control_block = spend_info.control_block(&leaf_script).expect("Control block must exist in script map for every known leaf");\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" wit.push(leaf_script.0.into_bytes()); // Push the leaf script\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // There can be multiple control blocks for a (script, ver) pair\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Find the smallest one amongst those\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let control_block = control_block_set\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .iter()\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .min_by(|x, y| x.as_inner().len().cmp(&y.as_inner().len()))\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' .expect("Atleast one control must exist for a known leaf");\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" wit.push(control_block.serialize());\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Finally, save the minimum\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" min_wit = Some(wit);\n")])]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("This is where things get more interesting: this section of code builds the witness to satisfy a Taproot descriptor. In case of a script-spend, we need to prove that the script we are using had been committed\ninto the public key of our "),t("code",[e._v("P2TR")]),e._v(' input. We do this by adding a "control block", that contains data about the parity of the key, the leaf version used, and the merkle path from the leaf we are using to spend\nup to the merkle root, which is committed into the public key. Once again, this is explained very well in '),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("BIP341")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Before my patch the code was only getting the set of merkle paths that could lead from the root to the leaves that contain a given script. For context, the signature of "),t("code",[e._v("TaprootSpendInfo::as_script_map(&self)")]),e._v(" is:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("/// Access the internal script map")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("pub")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("fn")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-definition function"}},[e._v("as_script_map")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("self")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("->")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("BTreeMap")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("<")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("Script")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("LeafVersion")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("BTreeSet")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("<")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("TaprootMerkleBranch")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v(">>")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v('Then the code would look for the "shortest" path to that specific script, as it would save size in the final transaction (leaves that are more "deep" in the tree than others naturally have more hidden branches\nin their path to the root, and thus require a longer control block to reveal them all).')]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The issue here is that the "),t("code",[e._v("control_block")]),e._v(" variable is then serialized directly into the witness. But this is not a control block, it's just a set of merkle paths! A control block only has "),t("em",[e._v("one")]),e._v(" merkle path, and\nincludes the leaf version and the key parity bit.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Conveniently, the "),t("code",[e._v("TaprootSpendInfo")]),e._v(' struct also has this other method (I\'m including the implementation as well, because it shows that internally it does the same "trick" to find the shortest path):')]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("/// Obtain a [`ControlBlock`] for particular script with the given version.")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("/// Returns [`None`] if the script is not contained in the [`TaprootSpendInfo`]")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("/// If there are multiple ControlBlocks possible, this returns the shortest one.")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("pub")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("fn")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-definition function"}},[e._v("control_block")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("self")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v(" script_ver"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("Script")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("LeafVersion")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("->")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("Option")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("<")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("ControlBlock")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v(">")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("let")]),e._v(" merkle_branch_set "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("self")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),e._v("script_map"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("get")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),e._v("script_ver"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("?")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(";")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("// Choose the smallest one amongst the multiple script maps")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("let")]),e._v(" smallest "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v(" merkle_branch_set\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("iter")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("min_by")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token closure-params"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token closure-punctuation punctuation"}},[e._v("|")]),e._v("x"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v(" y"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token closure-punctuation punctuation"}},[e._v("|")])]),e._v(" x"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v(".0")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("len")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("cmp")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),e._v("y"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v(".0")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("len")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("expect")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"Non-empty iterator"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(";")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("Some")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("ControlBlock")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n internal_key"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("self")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),e._v("internal_key"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v("\n output_key_parity"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("self")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),e._v("output_key_parity"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v("\n leaf_version"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("LeafVersion")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("::")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("default")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v("\n merkle_branch"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" smallest"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("clone")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("So to fix this code we just have to use that method instead, and we can get it done in one single line!")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('Instead of removing the old code at the time I only commented it out, because I initially thought I would still have to look for the shortest script myself, and I figured the "sorting" code would come in handy\nlater on.')]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Also, if you are an acute observer, you might have noticed that there's a bug in this last snippet of code. Feel free to think about it a little bit, then check out the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-bitcoin/pull/703",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("PR"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" I made\nif you wanna know the answer!")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("git show 35378ad\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 35378ad01a6f2b8161a3f36448b24d031f8aeaec\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 14:27:14 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Consider key-spend max satisfaction weight\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/descriptor/tr.rs b/src/descriptor/tr.rs\nindex 8487d56..fabf860 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/descriptor/tr.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/descriptor/tr.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ impl DescriptorTrait for Tr {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn max_satisfaction_weight(&self) -> Result {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let mut max_wieght = None;\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let mut max_wieght = Some(65);\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" for (depth, ms) in self.iter_scripts() {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let script_size = ms.script_size();\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let max_sat_elems = match ms.max_satisfaction_witness_elements() {\n")])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("This is a little bug in the code that tries to compute what the maximum satisfaction weight would be for a descriptor. For instance, we use this in BDK to compute how many extra sats of fees we need to pay\nin order to target a given fee rate, assuming the descriptor is satisfied with the worst (larger and most expensive) path.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("For Taproot descriptors, it's just a matter of iterating over the leaves in the tree and pick the most expensive one... or is it? This doesn't take into account that Taproot outputs can also be spent with\nkey-spend, which means just pushing a signature to the witness. This signature is 64 bytes long when using the new "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("SIGHASH_DEFAULT")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" sighash, or 65 otherwise. Since we are thinking about the maximum satisfaction\nweight, or the worst case possible, we naturally pick the latter.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Note that theoretically you could build a Taproot address \"without\" an available key-path spend (by using an unspendable Schnorr public key), but the code here in rust-miniscript doesn't take that into\naccount, as there's no way that I'm aware of to specificy in a "),t("code",[e._v("tr()")]),e._v(" descriptor that the key is unspendable. So, while theoretically here we should first check whether the key-spend path is available before\naccounting for its weight, in practice this is always true in miniscript so we just use that as our starting worst case and update it later if necessary while iterating the tree leaves.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show b4878f8\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit b4878f816e9ede11d5ed947c06e03aa988e3e26f\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 14:27:53 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Look for taproot stuff in psbts\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/psbt/mod.rs b/src/psbt/mod.rs\nindex 9a8b17d..42c6ce8 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/psbt/mod.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/psbt/mod.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -25,13 +25,14 @@ use bitcoin;\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use bitcoin::hashes::{hash160, ripemd160, sha256, sha256d};\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use bitcoin::secp256k1::{self, Secp256k1};\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use bitcoin::util::psbt::PartiallySignedTransaction as Psbt;\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use bitcoin::util::taproot::TapLeafHash;\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use bitcoin::Script;\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use interpreter;\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use miniscript::limits::SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_DISABLE_FLAG;\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use miniscript::satisfy::{After, Older};\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use Satisfier;\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use {BitcoinECSig, Preimage32};\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use {BitcoinECSig, BitcoinSchnorrSig, Preimage32};\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use {MiniscriptKey, ToPublicKey};\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("mod finalizer;\n")])]),e._v("@@ -231,6 +232,24 @@ impl<'psbt> PsbtInputSatisfier<'psbt> {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("}\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("impl<'psbt, Pk: MiniscriptKey + ToPublicKey> Satisfier for PsbtInputSatisfier<'psbt> {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn lookup_tap_key_spend_sig(&self) -> Option {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if let Some((sig, hash_ty)) = self.psbt.inputs[self.index].tap_key_sig {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Some(BitcoinSchnorrSig { sig, hash_ty })\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" } else {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" None\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn lookup_tap_leaf_script_sig(&self, pk: &Pk, lh: &TapLeafHash) -> Option {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let pk = pk.to_x_only_pubkey();\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if let Some((sig, hash_ty)) = self.psbt.inputs[self.index].tap_script_sigs.get(&(pk, *lh)) {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Some(BitcoinSchnorrSig { sig: *sig, hash_ty: *hash_ty })\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" } else {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" None\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn lookup_ec_sig(&self, pk: &Pk) -> Option {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if let Some(rawsig) = self.psbt.inputs[self.index]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .partial_sigs\n")])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("This commit implements the Taproot-specific "),t("code",[e._v("Satisfier")]),e._v(" methods on "),t("code",[e._v("PsbtInputSatisfier")]),e._v(". The code to produce a valid witness (i.e. "),t("em",[e._v("satisfy")]),e._v(") a descriptor by looking for Taproot key-spend or script-spend signatures\nis already implemented, so it's just a matter of actually returning those, if they are present in a PSBT.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show 80da0ba\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 80da0ba9b742b2dee23e7302e2f95a6e96b1d6ed\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 16:54:27 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Iter keys in `MultiA`\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/miniscript/iter.rs b/src/miniscript/iter.rs\nindex 36c4b69..a54a371 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/miniscript/iter.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/miniscript/iter.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ impl Miniscript {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn get_leaf_pk(&self) -> Vec {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match self.node {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::PkK(ref key) => vec![key.clone()],\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys) => keys.clone(),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys) | Terminal::MultiA(_, ref keys) => keys.clone(),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" _ => vec![],\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl Miniscript {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match self.node {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::PkH(ref hash) => vec![hash.clone()],\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::PkK(ref key) => vec![key.to_pubkeyhash()],\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys) => keys.iter().map(Pk::to_pubkeyhash).collect(),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys) | Terminal::MultiA(_, ref keys) => keys.iter().map(Pk::to_pubkeyhash).collect(),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" _ => vec![],\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ impl Miniscript {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match self.node {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::PkH(ref hash) => vec![PkPkh::HashedPubkey(hash.clone())],\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::PkK(ref key) => vec![PkPkh::PlainPubkey(key.clone())],\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys) => keys\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys) | Terminal::MultiA(_, ref keys) => keys\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .into_iter()\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .map(|key| PkPkh::PlainPubkey(key.clone()))\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .collect(),\n")])]),e._v("@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ impl Miniscript {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn get_nth_pk(&self, n: usize) -> Option {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match (&self.node, n) {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" (&Terminal::PkK(ref key), 0) => Some(key.clone()),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" (&Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys), _) => keys.get(n).cloned(),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" (&Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys), _) | (&Terminal::MultiA(_, ref keys), _) => keys.get(n).cloned(),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" _ => None,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ impl Miniscript {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match (&self.node, n) {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix 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unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" _ => None,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ impl Miniscript {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match (&self.node, n) {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" (&Terminal::PkH(ref hash), 0) => Some(PkPkh::HashedPubkey(hash.clone())),\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" (&Terminal::PkK(ref key), 0) => Some(PkPkh::PlainPubkey(key.clone())),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" (&Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys), _) => {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" (&Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys), _) | (&Terminal::MultiA(_, ref keys), _) => {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" keys.get(n).map(|key| PkPkh::PlainPubkey(key.clone()))\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" _ => None,\n")])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("Taproot descriptors add a new miniscript operator called "),t("code",[e._v("multi_a()")]),e._v(" which behaves like "),t("code",[e._v("multi()")]),e._v(" in non-Taproot descriptors, but uses the new "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0342.mediawiki#script-execution",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("OP_CHECKSIGADD")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" opcode when serialized in a script.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("When this was added, somebody forgot to update the various methods that iterate over the public keys of a descriptor to correctly return the keys contained in "),t("code",[e._v("multi_a()")]),e._v(" - essentially, it was falling back in\nthe default case used by the operators that don't contain any key, but this one does!")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show 8b108c5\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 8b108c5c0bf50b66b7220746525742b71f6cd4b4\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 17:26:53 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Fix witness generation for `MultiA`\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/miniscript/satisfy.rs b/src/miniscript/satisfy.rs\nindex 655436e..ab43707 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/miniscript/satisfy.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/miniscript/satisfy.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@ impl Satisfaction {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Collect all available signatures\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let mut sig_count = 0;\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let mut sigs = vec![vec![vec![]]; keys.len()];\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" for (i, pk) in keys.iter().enumerate() {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" for (i, pk) in keys.iter().rev().enumerate() {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match Witness::signature::<_, _, Ctx>(stfr, pk, leaf_hash) {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Witness::Stack(sig) => {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" sigs[i] = sig;\n")])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("And finally, the last little fix: the "),t("code",[e._v("multi_a()")]),e._v(" operator is satisfied by pushing to the witness either a signature (if you have one available for that specific public key) or an empty vector. The problem is,\nthey have to be in the right order to match the order of public keys in your Taproot script.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("rust-miniscript was pushing them in reverse order, so script validation was always failing for multisigs that had more than 1 key. Adding a "),t("code",[e._v(".rev()")]),e._v(" to the iterator fixed the issue.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"conclusion"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#conclusion"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Conclusion")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("And that was it! We now have a fully working "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-bitcoin",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-bitcoin"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-miniscript",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-miniscript"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" ready for Taproot.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"/blog/2021/12/first-bdk-taproot-tx-look-at-the-code-part-2"}},[e._v("Part 2")]),e._v(" I will go over the code changes in BDK, but I think it's now time for you and I to take a break 😃")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=a.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[59],{416:function(e,t,s){"use strict";s.r(t);var n=s(7),a=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("p",[e._v("This is the first of a two-parts blog series in which I will try to explain all the changes that I made to BDK (and some of its dependencies) to make our "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/afilini/status/1459763243556163584",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("first Taproot transaction in mainnet"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", which also\nturned out to be "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/afilini/status/1459774394054725634",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("the first ever use of the new "),t("code",[e._v("OP_CHECKSIGADD")]),e._v(" opcode"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Hopefully this will give an insight into what kind of changes need to be made to a wallet in order to support spending "),t("code",[e._v("P2TR")]),e._v(" outputs, both with key-spend and script-spend. BDK actually delegates\nmost of the hard work to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-miniscript",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-miniscript"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", and luckily most of the Taproot code was already implemented by the time I started working on it. I only had to patch a few little bugs here and there, and it ended up\nworking flawlessly in the end.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In this first part I will focus on the changes made to our dependencies, "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-bitcoin",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-bitcoin"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-miniscript",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-miniscript"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". In the second part I will talk about BDK itself.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"backstory"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#backstory"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Backstory")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("On the evening of Thursday, November 11th I was attending our weekly "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.satoshispritz.com/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Satoshi Spritz"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" meetup in Milan. The activation of Taproot was right around the corner, and naturally that was the main discussion\ntopic that night. The activation was forecasted for the early afternoon of Sunday, November 14th, a little less than 72h later.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("I began to wonder how hard it would be to patch BDK and add support for Taproot. I knew most of the work had already been done in our main dependencies, "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-bitcoin",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-bitcoin"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-miniscript",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-miniscript"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", and so I decided\nto challenge myself: could I make it in time for the activation?")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('The following day I started digging into the topic. It didn\'t help that up until that time I only had a rather "high level" idea of how Taproot worked, but luckily all the BIPs were very well written and\nstraightforward to understand.')]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("By Friday night (or rather, early Saturday morning) "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/signet/tx/ba0ebb350717701ca4ea109aadfbaf3058f6cd73e5ece3927ddee653de06cf5a",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("I had Taproot key-spend working"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", which made me pretty optimistic even though the activation date was actually moving closer, now being forecasted for\nSunday "),t("em",[e._v("morning")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("After a few hours of sleep I went back to work and by early Saturday afternoon "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/signet/tx/41d7d49f9f4edffa9ca88ad6fb887fbf1ae68f9f31def267fdb3a5949f766bf5",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("I had Taproot script-spend working as well"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". This left me a few hours to coordinate with some friends and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/address/1Taproote7gvQGKz5g982ecSbPvqJhMUf",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("generate a vanity address"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v("\nto deposit funds into temporarily, as we didn't trust sending them to Taproot addresses before the activation (as they were anyone-can-spend according to the pre-activation rules).")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("After another pretty short night, I woke up a 5:30 AM on Sunday to monitor the activation. I broadcasted our transactions shortly after 6:00 AM as the activation block was being mined. Unfortunately, the first\nthree blocks that were enforcing Taproot rules "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2021-November/019598.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("didn't include any Taproot transaction"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", which indicates that the miners weren't actually running the new Bitcoin Core 22.0 nodes. The fourth block, mined by "),t("code",[e._v("Foundry USA")]),e._v(" "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/tx/2eb8dbaa346d4be4e82fe444c2f0be00654d8cfd8c4a9a61b11aeaab8c00b272",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("included my transaction"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/achow101/status/1459760452775387136?s=20",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("a few others"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In the end our transaction was the third Taproot script-spend in the block, but the first to use the new "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0342.mediawiki#script-execution",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("OP_CHECKSIGADD")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" opcode, as the two preceding it were respectively "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/tx/37777defed8717c581b4c0509329550e344bdc14ac38f71fc050096887e535c8",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("a single-sig"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mempool.space/tx/905ecdf95a84804b192f4dc221cfed4d77959b81ed66013a7e41a6e61e7ed530",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("a 2-of-2 multisig"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v("\nscript, made with with two "),t("code",[e._v("OP_CHECKSIG(VERIFY)")]),e._v("s.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Now, with the context out of the way, we can begin talking about the code!")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"rust-bitcoin"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#rust-bitcoin"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" rust-bitcoin")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The first dependency I had to update was "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-bitcoin",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-bitcoin"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". Most of the taproot stuff were already merged in "),t("code",[e._v("master")]),e._v(" (altough they hadn't been released yet). One notable missing part was the support for "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0371.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("BIP371")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(",\nwhich is an extension of "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0174.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("BIP174")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", aka the "),t("code",[e._v("Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction")]),e._v(" BIP. This new BIP defines a few new fields that are required to properly handle Taproot transactions.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Luckily most of the work had already been done by "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://twitter.com/sanket1729",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("sanket1729"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", so I forked his branch and made only few very minor changes, just to expose a structure that I will have to use later which in his code wasn't public.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("You can find all the commits mentioned here in "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/afilini/rust-bitcoin/tree/taproot-testing",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("my rust-bitcoin "),t("code",[e._v("taproot-testing")]),e._v(" branch"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git diff 187234f f830df9\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs\nindex 87d9c36..d5e5802 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/lib.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/lib.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(unused_mut)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(dead_code)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(unused_imports)]\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(missing_docs)]\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(unused_must_use)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(broken_intra_doc_links)]\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/util/taproot.rs b/src/util/taproot.rs\nindex 674eeee..3d56cbc 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/util/taproot.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/util/taproot.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ impl TaprootBuilder {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("// Internally used structure to represent the node information in taproot tree\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v('#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("pub(crate) struct NodeInfo {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("pub struct NodeInfo {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" /// Merkle Hash for this node\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub(crate) hash: sha256::Hash,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" /// information about leaves inside this node\n")])]),e._v("@@ -448,8 +448,12 @@ pub(crate) struct NodeInfo {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("}\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("impl NodeInfo {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn hash(&self) -> &sha256::Hash {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" &self.hash\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Create a new NodeInfo with omitted/hidden info\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn new_hidden(hash: sha256::Hash) -> Self {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn new_hidden(hash: sha256::Hash) -> Self {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Self {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" hash: hash,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" leaves: vec![],\n")])]),e._v("@@ -457,7 +461,7 @@ impl NodeInfo {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Create a new leaf with NodeInfo\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn new_leaf_with_ver(script: Script, ver: LeafVersion) -> Self {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn new_leaf_with_ver(script: Script, ver: LeafVersion) -> Self {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let leaf = LeafInfo::new(script, ver);\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Self {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" hash: leaf.hash(),\n")])]),e._v("@@ -466,7 +470,7 @@ impl NodeInfo {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Combine two NodeInfo's to create a new parent\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn combine(a: Self, b: Self) -> Result {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn combine(a: Self, b: Self) -> Result {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let mut all_leaves = Vec::with_capacity(a.leaves.len() + b.leaves.len());\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" for mut a_leaf in a.leaves {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" a_leaf.merkle_branch.push(b.hash)?; // add hashing partner\n")])]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("There isn't much to explain here: I disabled the "),t("code",[e._v("missing_docs")]),e._v(" lint so that the compiler wouldn't complain about the new public methods that aren't documented.\nThen, I added a getter for the "),t("code",[e._v("hash")]),e._v(" field of "),t("code",[e._v("NodeInfo")]),e._v(" and made the struct itself and a bunch of methods public.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('We will use this structure later to recover the merkle root of a Taproot script tree, given one leaf and the other "hidden" branches.')]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"rust-miniscript"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#rust-miniscript"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" rust-miniscript")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Moving on to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-miniscript",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-miniscript"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(': once again, most of the work required to support Taproot had already been done, but this time I was working with very "early" prototype-like code, so I was prepared to\nmake some changes to the code to get it to work how I wanted.')]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Instead of showing one big diff I will talk about the commits individually, which I think will help making more clear what I was doing.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Once again, you can find all the commits referenced here in "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/afilini/rust-miniscript/tree/taproot",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("my rust-miniscript "),t("code",[e._v("taproot")]),e._v(" branch"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show 34cf15b\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 34cf15b3aac1d8c2693af1b9749b888f3f29e510\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Fri Nov 12 12:06:35 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Fix TapTree iter depth\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/descriptor/tr.rs b/src/descriptor/tr.rs\nindex 79d3c05..314c7f4 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/descriptor/tr.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/descriptor/tr.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl TapTree {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" /// Iterate over all miniscripts\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn iter(&self) -> TapTreeIter {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" TapTreeIter { stack: vec![self] }\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" TapTreeIter { stack: vec![(0, self)] }\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Helper function to translate keys\n")])]),e._v("@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ pub struct TapTreeIter<'a, Pk: MiniscriptKey>\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("where\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Pk: 'a,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("{\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" stack: Vec<&'a TapTree>,\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" stack: Vec<(usize, &'a TapTree)>,\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("}\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("impl<'a, Pk> Iterator for TapTreeIter<'a, Pk>\n")])]),e._v("@@ -273,13 +273,13 @@ where\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" while !self.stack.is_empty() {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' let last = self.stack.pop().expect("Size checked above");\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' let (depth, last) = self.stack.pop().expect("Size checked above");\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match &*last {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" TapTree::Tree(l, r) => {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" self.stack.push(&r);\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" self.stack.push(&l);\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" self.stack.push((depth + 1, &r));\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" self.stack.push((depth + 1, &l));\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" TapTree::Leaf(ref ms) => return Some((self.stack.len(), ms)),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" TapTree::Leaf(ref ms) => return Some((depth, ms)),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" None\n")])])])])]),t("p",[t("code",[e._v("TapTreeIterator")]),e._v(" is an iterator that goes through a "),t("code",[e._v("TapTree")]),e._v(" and yields a "),t("code",[e._v("(depth, node)")]),e._v(" pair. This is then fed to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/afilini/rust-miniscript/blob/taproot/src/descriptor/tr.rs#L183-L189",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("TaprootBuilder")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(", which returns an error if trying to insert nodes\nin "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/afilini/rust-bitcoin/blob/taproot-testing/src/util/taproot.rs#L403-L405",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("an order that is not DFS"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The way the depth was computed before made the builder always fail for non-trivial trees (i.e. more than 1 node).")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Here I decided to play the safe card, and just keep track of the depth explicitly: I think there might be a way to compute the depth just knowing the "),t("code",[e._v("self.stack.len()")]),e._v(" (assuming the tree has a specific structure,\nwhich I'm not sure applies here), but anyway I didn't have much time to think about it and I just went for the \"dumb but idiot-proof\" way which ended up working fine.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show f4a3459\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit f4a3459128e37ca0c2701b8b6da064d4952296ff\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 14:15:52 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Switch rust-bitcoin rev\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml\nindex 12825e8..8240024 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/Cargo.toml")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/Cargo.toml")]),e._v('\n@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ rand = ["bitcoin/rand"]\n\n'),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("[dependencies]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v('# bitcoin = "0.27"\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v('bitcoin = {git = "https://github.com/sanket1729/rust-bitcoin", branch = "taproot_psbt"}\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v('bitcoin = { git = "https://github.com/afilini/rust-bitcoin.git", branch = "taproot-testing" }\n')])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("[dependencies.serde]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v('version = "1.0"\n')])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("Trivial commit, switch to "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/afilini/rust-bitcoin/tree/taproot-testing",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("my fork of rust-bitcoin"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" so that I can make changes if necessary.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show 0446b16\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 0446b1631cec9f7118d46f0f4c94ccd20de29f94\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 14:25:18 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Parse x-only keys\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/descriptor/key.rs b/src/descriptor/key.rs\nindex 4108d00..b7f90b5 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/descriptor/key.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/descriptor/key.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -283,9 +283,9 @@ impl FromStr for DescriptorPublicKey {\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' // A "raw" public key without any origin is the least we accept.\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if s.len() < 66 {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if s.len() < 64 {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" return Err(DescriptorKeyParseError(\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' "Key too short (<66 char), doesn\'t match any format",\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' "Key too short (<64 char), doesn\'t match any format",\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" ));\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("\n@@ -301,6 +301,14 @@ impl FromStr for DescriptorPublicKey {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" derivation_path,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" wildcard,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }))\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" } else if key_part.len() == 64 {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // x-only pubkey, prefix it with `02`\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' let key = bitcoin::PublicKey::from_str(&format!("02{}", key_part))\n')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' .map_err(|_| DescriptorKeyParseError("Error while parsing x-only public key"))?;\n')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Ok(DescriptorPublicKey::SinglePub(DescriptorSinglePub {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" key,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" origin,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }))\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" } else {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if key_part.len() >= 2\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' && !(&key_part[0..2] == "02" || &key_part[0..2] == "03" || &key_part[0..2] == "04")\n')])]),e._v("diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs\nindex e168b16..3a2335e 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/lib.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/lib.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("@@ -95,8 +95,6 @@")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(non_snake_case)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(unused_mut)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(dead_code)]\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(unused_imports)]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("#![deny(missing_docs)]\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("pub extern crate bitcoin;\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v('#[cfg(feature = "serde")]\n')])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("This, I'm not really sure of: Taproot uses x-only public keys, which means that the first byte (which is usually a "),t("code",[e._v("03")]),e._v(" or a "),t("code",[e._v("02")]),e._v(") that indicates the parity of the EC point is completely dropped, and it's implicit\nthat the point is even (= "),t("code",[e._v("02")]),e._v("). Check out "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("BIP340")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" for a much better explanation.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("So here when I find a string that is only 64 characters long I will assume it's an x-only pubkey, and I will parse it as a normal "),t("code",[e._v("bitcoin::PublicKey")]),e._v(" by prefixing it with "),t("code",[e._v("02")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("I guess one alternative could have been to try and parse it as a "),t("code",[e._v("schnorr::PublicKey")]),e._v(' and then "convert" it to a '),t("code",[e._v("ecdsa::PublicKey")]),e._v(" which should be supported, but once again I just wanted to get it done quickly and\nthis worked fine.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("I also disabled the "),t("code",[e._v("unused_imports")]),e._v(" and "),t("code",[e._v("missing_docs")]),e._v(" lint so that the compiler wouldn't whine too much.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show 87316ff\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 87316fffd06ab3bdf300fd1a958ddaa2789a6696\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 14:26:01 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Parse `tr()` descriptors\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/descriptor/mod.rs b/src/descriptor/mod.rs\nindex 06d98e1..4190786 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/descriptor/mod.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/descriptor/mod.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -610,6 +610,7 @@ where\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' ("wpkh", 1) => Descriptor::Wpkh(Wpkh::from_tree(top)?),\n')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' ("sh", 1) => Descriptor::Sh(Sh::from_tree(top)?),\n')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' ("wsh", 1) => Descriptor::Wsh(Wsh::from_tree(top)?),\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' ("tr", _) => Descriptor::Tr(Tr::from_tree(top)?),\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" _ => Descriptor::Bare(Bare::from_tree(top)?),\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" })\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("diff --git a/src/expression.rs b/src/expression.rs\nindex 1cef614..11a68d3 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/expression.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/expression.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -100,7 +100,12 @@ impl<'a> Tree<'a> {\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" sl = &sl[n + 1..];\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" loop {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let (arg, new_sl) = Tree::from_slice_helper_round(sl, depth + 1)?;\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let (arg, new_sl) = if sl.contains('{') {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Tree::from_slice_helper_curly(sl, depth + 1)?\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" } else {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Tree::from_slice_helper_round(sl, depth + 1)?\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" };\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" ret.args.push(arg);\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if new_sl.is_empty() {\n")])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("When trying to parse a descriptor (essentially turning a recursive string of "),t("code",[e._v("operator(args)")]),e._v(" into an abstract tree in memory) use a "),t("em",[e._v("curly-bracket-aware")]),e._v(" parser if there is one in the string.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The code to then build a "),t("code",[e._v("Tr")]),e._v(" struct given an "),t("code",[e._v("expression::Tree")]),e._v(" (and the "),t("code",[e._v("from_slice_helper_curly")]),e._v(" function) were already implemented, so it was just a matter of correctly\nbuilding the abstract tree by parsing curly brackets in descriptors.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show 3055cab\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 3055cabef8bd51eda344ce501b03c533fd367b4f\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 14:26:30 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Fix control block creation when satisfying `Tr`\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/descriptor/tr.rs b/src/descriptor/tr.rs\nindex 314c7f4..8487d56 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/descriptor/tr.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/descriptor/tr.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -571,17 +571,14 @@ impl DescriptorTrait for Tr {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" } else {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let ver = LeafVersion::default();\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let leaf_script = (ms.encode(), ver);\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let control_block_set = spend_info\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .as_script_map()\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .get(&leaf_script)\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' .expect("Control block must exist in script map for every known leaf");\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // let control_block_set = spend_info\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // .as_script_map()\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // .get(&leaf_script)\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' // .expect("Control block must exist in script map for every known leaf");\n')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' let control_block = spend_info.control_block(&leaf_script).expect("Control block must exist in script map for every known leaf");\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" wit.push(leaf_script.0.into_bytes()); // Push the leaf script\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // There can be multiple control blocks for a (script, ver) pair\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Find the smallest one amongst those\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let control_block = control_block_set\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .iter()\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .min_by(|x, y| x.as_inner().len().cmp(&y.as_inner().len()))\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(' .expect("Atleast one control must exist for a known leaf");\n')])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" wit.push(control_block.serialize());\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Finally, save the minimum\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" min_wit = Some(wit);\n")])]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("This is where things get more interesting: this section of code builds the witness to satisfy a Taproot descriptor. In case of a script-spend, we need to prove that the script we are using had been committed\ninto the public key of our "),t("code",[e._v("P2TR")]),e._v(' input. We do this by adding a "control block", that contains data about the parity of the key, the leaf version used, and the merkle path from the leaf we are using to spend\nup to the merkle root, which is committed into the public key. Once again, this is explained very well in '),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("BIP341")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Before my patch the code was only getting the set of merkle paths that could lead from the root to the leaves that contain a given script. For context, the signature of "),t("code",[e._v("TaprootSpendInfo::as_script_map(&self)")]),e._v(" is:")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("/// Access the internal script map")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("pub")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("fn")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-definition function"}},[e._v("as_script_map")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("self")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("->")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("BTreeMap")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("<")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("Script")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("LeafVersion")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("BTreeSet")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("<")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("TaprootMerkleBranch")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v(">>")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v('Then the code would look for the "shortest" path to that specific script, as it would save size in the final transaction (leaves that are more "deep" in the tree than others naturally have more hidden branches\nin their path to the root, and thus require a longer control block to reveal them all).')]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The issue here is that the "),t("code",[e._v("control_block")]),e._v(" variable is then serialized directly into the witness. But this is not a control block, it's just a set of merkle paths! A control block only has "),t("em",[e._v("one")]),e._v(" merkle path, and\nincludes the leaf version and the key parity bit.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Conveniently, the "),t("code",[e._v("TaprootSpendInfo")]),e._v(' struct also has this other method (I\'m including the implementation as well, because it shows that internally it does the same "trick" to find the shortest path):')]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("/// Obtain a [`ControlBlock`] for particular script with the given version.")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("/// Returns [`None`] if the script is not contained in the [`TaprootSpendInfo`]")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("/// If there are multiple ControlBlocks possible, this returns the shortest one.")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("pub")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("fn")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-definition function"}},[e._v("control_block")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("self")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v(" script_ver"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("Script")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("LeafVersion")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("->")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("Option")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("<")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("ControlBlock")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v(">")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("let")]),e._v(" merkle_branch_set "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("self")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),e._v("script_map"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("get")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),e._v("script_ver"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("?")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(";")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("// Choose the smallest one amongst the multiple script maps")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("let")]),e._v(" smallest "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v(" merkle_branch_set\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("iter")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("min_by")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token closure-params"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token closure-punctuation punctuation"}},[e._v("|")]),e._v("x"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v(" y"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token closure-punctuation punctuation"}},[e._v("|")])]),e._v(" x"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v(".0")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("len")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("cmp")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),e._v("y"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[e._v(".0")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("len")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("expect")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[e._v('"Non-empty iterator"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(";")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("Some")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("ControlBlock")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n internal_key"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("self")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),e._v("internal_key"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v("\n output_key_parity"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("self")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),e._v("output_key_parity"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v("\n leaf_version"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("LeafVersion")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("::")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("default")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v("\n merkle_branch"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(":")]),e._v(" smallest"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("clone")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(",")]),e._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),e._v("\n")])])]),t("p",[e._v("So to fix this code we just have to use that method instead, and we can get it done in one single line!")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('Instead of removing the old code at the time I only commented it out, because I initially thought I would still have to look for the shortest script myself, and I figured the "sorting" code would come in handy\nlater on.')]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Also, if you are an acute observer, you might have noticed that there's a bug in this last snippet of code. Feel free to think about it a little bit, then check out the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-bitcoin/pull/703",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("PR"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" I made\nif you wanna know the answer!")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("git show 35378ad\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 35378ad01a6f2b8161a3f36448b24d031f8aeaec\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 14:27:14 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Consider key-spend max satisfaction weight\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/descriptor/tr.rs b/src/descriptor/tr.rs\nindex 8487d56..fabf860 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/descriptor/tr.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/descriptor/tr.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ impl DescriptorTrait for Tr {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn max_satisfaction_weight(&self) -> Result {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let mut max_wieght = None;\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let mut max_wieght = Some(65);\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" for (depth, ms) in self.iter_scripts() {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let script_size = ms.script_size();\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let max_sat_elems = match ms.max_satisfaction_witness_elements() {\n")])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("This is a little bug in the code that tries to compute what the maximum satisfaction weight would be for a descriptor. For instance, we use this in BDK to compute how many extra sats of fees we need to pay\nin order to target a given fee rate, assuming the descriptor is satisfied with the worst (larger and most expensive) path.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("For Taproot descriptors, it's just a matter of iterating over the leaves in the tree and pick the most expensive one... or is it? This doesn't take into account that Taproot outputs can also be spent with\nkey-spend, which means just pushing a signature to the witness. This signature is 64 bytes long when using the new "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("SIGHASH_DEFAULT")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" sighash, or 65 otherwise. Since we are thinking about the maximum satisfaction\nweight, or the worst case possible, we naturally pick the latter.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Note that theoretically you could build a Taproot address \"without\" an available key-path spend (by using an unspendable Schnorr public key), but the code here in rust-miniscript doesn't take that into\naccount, as there's no way that I'm aware of to specificy in a "),t("code",[e._v("tr()")]),e._v(" descriptor that the key is unspendable. So, while theoretically here we should first check whether the key-spend path is available before\naccounting for its weight, in practice this is always true in miniscript so we just use that as our starting worst case and update it later if necessary while iterating the tree leaves.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show b4878f8\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit b4878f816e9ede11d5ed947c06e03aa988e3e26f\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 14:27:53 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Look for taproot stuff in psbts\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/psbt/mod.rs b/src/psbt/mod.rs\nindex 9a8b17d..42c6ce8 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/psbt/mod.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/psbt/mod.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -25,13 +25,14 @@ use bitcoin;\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use bitcoin::hashes::{hash160, ripemd160, sha256, sha256d};\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use bitcoin::secp256k1::{self, Secp256k1};\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use bitcoin::util::psbt::PartiallySignedTransaction as Psbt;\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use bitcoin::util::taproot::TapLeafHash;\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use bitcoin::Script;\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use interpreter;\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use miniscript::limits::SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_DISABLE_FLAG;\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use miniscript::satisfy::{After, Older};\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use Satisfier;\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use {BitcoinECSig, Preimage32};\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use {BitcoinECSig, BitcoinSchnorrSig, Preimage32};\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("use {MiniscriptKey, ToPublicKey};\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("mod finalizer;\n")])]),e._v("@@ -231,6 +232,24 @@ impl<'psbt> PsbtInputSatisfier<'psbt> {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("}\n")])]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("impl<'psbt, Pk: MiniscriptKey + ToPublicKey> Satisfier for PsbtInputSatisfier<'psbt> {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn lookup_tap_key_spend_sig(&self) -> Option {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if let Some((sig, hash_ty)) = self.psbt.inputs[self.index].tap_key_sig {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Some(BitcoinSchnorrSig { sig, hash_ty })\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" } else {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" None\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn lookup_tap_leaf_script_sig(&self, pk: &Pk, lh: &TapLeafHash) -> Option {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let pk = pk.to_x_only_pubkey();\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if let Some((sig, hash_ty)) = self.psbt.inputs[self.index].tap_script_sigs.get(&(pk, *lh)) {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Some(BitcoinSchnorrSig { sig: *sig, hash_ty: *hash_ty })\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" } else {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" None\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v("\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" fn lookup_ec_sig(&self, pk: &Pk) -> Option {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" if let Some(rawsig) = self.psbt.inputs[self.index]\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .partial_sigs\n")])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("This commit implements the Taproot-specific "),t("code",[e._v("Satisfier")]),e._v(" methods on "),t("code",[e._v("PsbtInputSatisfier")]),e._v(". The code to produce a valid witness (i.e. "),t("em",[e._v("satisfy")]),e._v(") a descriptor by looking for Taproot key-spend or script-spend signatures\nis already implemented, so it's just a matter of actually returning those, if they are present in a PSBT.")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show 80da0ba\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 80da0ba9b742b2dee23e7302e2f95a6e96b1d6ed\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 16:54:27 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Iter keys in `MultiA`\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/miniscript/iter.rs b/src/miniscript/iter.rs\nindex 36c4b69..a54a371 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/miniscript/iter.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/miniscript/iter.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ impl Miniscript {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn get_leaf_pk(&self) -> Vec {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match self.node {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::PkK(ref key) => vec![key.clone()],\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys) => keys.clone(),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys) | Terminal::MultiA(_, ref keys) => keys.clone(),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" _ => vec![],\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl Miniscript {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match self.node {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::PkH(ref hash) => vec![hash.clone()],\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::PkK(ref key) => vec![key.to_pubkeyhash()],\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys) => keys.iter().map(Pk::to_pubkeyhash).collect(),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys) | Terminal::MultiA(_, ref keys) => keys.iter().map(Pk::to_pubkeyhash).collect(),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" _ => vec![],\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ impl Miniscript {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match self.node {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::PkH(ref hash) => vec![PkPkh::HashedPubkey(hash.clone())],\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::PkK(ref key) => vec![PkPkh::PlainPubkey(key.clone())],\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys) => keys\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys) | Terminal::MultiA(_, ref keys) => keys\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .into_iter()\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .map(|key| PkPkh::PlainPubkey(key.clone()))\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" .collect(),\n")])]),e._v("@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ impl Miniscript {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" pub fn get_nth_pk(&self, n: usize) -> Option {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match (&self.node, n) {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" (&Terminal::PkK(ref key), 0) => Some(key.clone()),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" (&Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys), _) => keys.get(n).cloned(),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" (&Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys), _) | (&Terminal::MultiA(_, ref keys), _) => keys.get(n).cloned(),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" _ => None,\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")])]),e._v("@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ impl Miniscript {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match (&self.node, n) {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix 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Some(PkPkh::PlainPubkey(key.clone())),\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" (&Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys), _) => {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" (&Terminal::Multi(_, ref keys), _) | (&Terminal::MultiA(_, ref keys), _) => {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" keys.get(n).map(|key| PkPkh::PlainPubkey(key.clone()))\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" }\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" _ => None,\n")])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("Taproot descriptors add a new miniscript operator called "),t("code",[e._v("multi_a()")]),e._v(" which behaves like "),t("code",[e._v("multi()")]),e._v(" in non-Taproot descriptors, but uses the new "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0342.mediawiki#script-execution",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t("code",[e._v("OP_CHECKSIGADD")]),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" opcode when serialized in a script.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("When this was added, somebody forgot to update the various methods that iterate over the public keys of a descriptor to correctly return the keys contained in "),t("code",[e._v("multi_a()")]),e._v(" - essentially, it was falling back in\nthe default case used by the operators that don't contain any key, but this one does!")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[e._v("$ git show 8b108c5\n")])])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-diff extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-diff"}},[t("code",[e._v("commit 8b108c5c0bf50b66b7220746525742b71f6cd4b4\nAuthor: Alekos Filini \nDate: Sat Nov 13 17:26:53 2021 +0100\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Fix witness generation for `MultiA`\n")])]),e._v("\ndiff --git a/src/miniscript/satisfy.rs b/src/miniscript/satisfy.rs\nindex 655436e..ab43707 100644\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("--- a/src/miniscript/satisfy.rs")]),e._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token coord"}},[e._v("+++ b/src/miniscript/satisfy.rs")]),e._v("\n@@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@ impl Satisfaction {\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" // Collect all available signatures\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let mut sig_count = 0;\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" let mut sigs = vec![vec![vec![]]; keys.len()];\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token deleted-sign deleted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix deleted"}},[e._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" for (i, pk) in keys.iter().enumerate() {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token inserted-sign inserted"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix inserted"}},[e._v("+")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" for (i, pk) in keys.iter().rev().enumerate() {\n")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token unchanged"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" match Witness::signature::<_, _, Ctx>(stfr, pk, leaf_hash) {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" Witness::Stack(sig) => {\n")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token prefix unchanged"}},[e._v(" ")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token line"}},[e._v(" sigs[i] = sig;\n")])])])])]),t("p",[e._v("And finally, the last little fix: the "),t("code",[e._v("multi_a()")]),e._v(" operator is satisfied by pushing to the witness either a signature (if you have one available for that specific public key) or an empty vector. The problem is,\nthey have to be in the right order to match the order of public keys in your Taproot script.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("rust-miniscript was pushing them in reverse order, so script validation was always failing for multisigs that had more than 1 key. Adding a "),t("code",[e._v(".rev()")]),e._v(" to the iterator fixed the issue.")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"conclusion"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#conclusion"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Conclusion")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("And that was it! We now have a fully working "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-bitcoin",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-bitcoin"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" and "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-miniscript",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("rust-miniscript"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" ready for Taproot.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("In "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"/blog/2021/12/first-bdk-taproot-tx-look-at-the-code-part-2"}},[e._v("Part 2")]),e._v(" I will go over the code changes in BDK, but I think it's now time for you and I to take a break 😃")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=a.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/60.b17bda16.js b/assets/js/60.1d0efc67.js similarity index 99% rename from assets/js/60.b17bda16.js rename to assets/js/60.1d0efc67.js index 0c2fcd1bc7..f259eebefa 100644 --- a/assets/js/60.b17bda16.js +++ b/assets/js/60.1d0efc67.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[60],{418:function(t,s,e){"use strict";e.r(s);var a=e(7),n=Object(a.a)({},(function(){var t=this,s=t._self._c;return s("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[s("p",[t._v("This is the second part of a two-part blog series in which I talk through the changes made to BDK to make a Taproot transaction. 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"),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"wrap-fallible-methods"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#wrap-fallible-methods"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Wrap Fallible Methods")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Many of the methods exposed by a "),s("code",[t._v("Descriptor")]),t._v(' struct used to be infallible: for instance, it was always possible to "encode" a descriptor into a Bitcoin script by calling the '),s("code",[t._v("script_pubkey()")]),t._v(" method.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Unfortunately, taproot descriptors need some extra metadata to do that: they can be computed by calling the "),s("code",[t._v("spend_info()")]),t._v(" method, and they will be cached inside the descriptor, but since it's not guaranteed by the\ncompiler that the method will be called before trying to encode it, the infallible methods had to be changed to return a "),s("code",[t._v("Result")]),t._v(", so that they can fail if the spend info is not present.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("In BDK we call the 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The traits we define\nare implemented on the "),s("code",[t._v("DerivedDescriptor")]),t._v(" or "),s("code",[t._v("ExtendedDescriptor")]),t._v(" structs and allow us to quickly get what we need without having to check the descriptor type manually.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Internally, they are essentially large "),s("code",[t._v("match")]),t._v("es that return different things depending on the descriptor variant. 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Keys, descriptors, Electrum endpoints are not stored in the database. This explains why you'll have to specify them every time in the command line. It can be seen more like a cache and can be safely deleted without risking funds.
  • BDK doesn't automatically "monitor" the blockchain, instead there's a sync command that has to be called by the user.
  • When you create a transaction and then sign it, it's not automatically broadcast to the network. There's a broadcast command that does this. Moreover, the command doesn't accept a normal Bitcoin raw transaction, but instead a PSBT. That's because internally transactions are always moved as PSBTs, and again, the broadcast command is just a very thin wrapper over the raw library call.

    • There are probably more of these examples, but hopefully by this point you'll have more or less understood the gist of it. If you are not a developer, some parts of this will feel weird, inefficient, hard -to understand, and that's absolutely normal. Just try to survive through the pain and you'll be rewarded!

    +to understand, and that's absolutely normal. Just try to survive through the pain and you'll be rewarded!

    ←

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/bdk-cli/installation/index.html b/bdk-cli/installation/index.html index c1778a1798..29a259b441 100644 --- a/bdk-cli/installation/index.html +++ b/bdk-cli/installation/index.html @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ - + @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ wallet Wallet Operations

    An example command to sync a testnet wallet to a default electrum server looks like this:

    bdk-cli wallet -w example --descriptor "wpkh(tprv8ZgxMBicQKsPexGYyaFwnAsCXCjmz2FaTm6LtesyyihjbQE3gRMfXqQBXKM43DvC1UgRVv1qom1qFxNMSqVAs88qx9PhgFnfGVUdiiDf6j4/0/*)" sync
-

    +

    ←

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/bdk-cli/interface/index.html b/bdk-cli/interface/index.html index cbe1044b9f..897db411aa 100644 --- a/bdk-cli/interface/index.html +++ b/bdk-cli/interface/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ --psbt <BASE64_PSBT> Sets the PSBT to sign --assume_height <HEIGHT> Assume the blockchain has reached a specific height. This affects the transaction finalization, if there are timelocks in the descriptor --trust_witness_utxo <WITNESS> Whether the signer should trust the witness_utxo, if the non_witness_utxo hasn’t been provided -

    Adds to the PSBT all the signatures it can produce with the secrets embedded in the descriptor (xprv or WIF keys). Returns the signed PSBT and, if there are enough item to satisfy the script, also the extracted raw Bitcoin transaction.

    Optionally, the --assume_height option can be specified to let the wallet assume the blockchain has reached a specific height. This affects the finalization of the PSBT which is done right at the end of the signing process: the wallet tries to satisfy the spending condition of each input using the partial signatures collected. In case timelocks are present the wallet needs to know whether or not they have expired. This flag is particularly useful for offline wallets.

    # sync

    This subcommand has no extra flags. It connects to the chosen Electrum server and synchronizes the list of transactions received and available UTXOs.

    +

    Adds to the PSBT all the signatures it can produce with the secrets embedded in the descriptor (xprv or WIF keys). Returns the signed PSBT and, if there are enough item to satisfy the script, also the extracted raw Bitcoin transaction.

    Optionally, the --assume_height option can be specified to let the wallet assume the blockchain has reached a specific height. This affects the finalization of the PSBT which is done right at the end of the signing process: the wallet tries to satisfy the spending condition of each input using the partial signatures collected. In case timelocks are present the wallet needs to know whether or not they have expired. This flag is particularly useful for offline wallets.

    # sync

    This subcommand has no extra flags. It connects to the chosen Electrum server and synchronizes the list of transactions received and available UTXOs.

    ←

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/bdk-cli/introduction/index.html b/bdk-cli/introduction/index.html index 1eafc20f76..f357e711c8 100644 --- a/bdk-cli/introduction/index.html +++ b/bdk-cli/introduction/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Blog GitHub - (opens new window)

    # Introduction

    bdk-cli (opens new window) is a lightweight repl (opens new window) wrapper over bdk that comes as a command line application. It is useful for quick testing and prototyping of bdk functionalities.

    This can also be used as an example application to create your own command line bitcoin wallet tool using bdk.

    bdk-cli can interface with all the blockchain backends currently supported by bdk, like rpc, electrum, esplora and compact_filters.

    Check out project documentation (opens new window) for more details.

    The following sections goes into more details on the installation and usage of bdk-cli.

    + (opens new window)

    # Introduction

    bdk-cli (opens new window) is a lightweight repl (opens new window) wrapper over bdk that comes as a command line application. It is useful for quick testing and prototyping of bdk functionalities.

    This can also be used as an example application to create your own command line bitcoin wallet tool using bdk.

    bdk-cli can interface with all the blockchain backends currently supported by bdk, like rpc, electrum, esplora and compact_filters.

    Check out project documentation (opens new window) for more details.

    The following sections goes into more details on the installation and usage of bdk-cli.

    ←

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/bdk-cli/playground/index.html b/bdk-cli/playground/index.html index 0ec1711b21..8d8e72f1fd 100644 --- a/bdk-cli/playground/index.html +++ b/bdk-cli/playground/index.html @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ - + @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Blog GitHub - (opens new window)

    # Playground

    + (opens new window)

    # Playground

    ←

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/bdk-cli/regtest/index.html b/bdk-cli/regtest/index.html index d25dc99c89..978ac4cd07 100644 --- a/bdk-cli/regtest/index.html +++ b/bdk-cli/regtest/index.html @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ - + @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@

    Just like before, this command will probably take a while to finish.

    Once it's done, assuming you have a regtest bitcoind running in background, you can launch a new terminal and run the following command to actually start electrs:

    electrs --log-filters INFO --timestamp --db-dir /tmp/electrs-db --electrum-rpc-addr="127.0.0.1:50001" --network=regtest --cookie-file=$HOME/.bitcoin/regtest/.cookie

    on macOS you should change the cookie-file to $HOME/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/regtest/.cookie.

    This will start the Electrum server on port 50001. You can then add the -n regtest -s 127.0.0.1:50001 to the bdk-cli commands to switch to the local regtest.

    # Troubleshooting

    # Stuck with "wait until bitcoind is synced (i.e. initialblockdownload = false)"

    Just generate a few blocks with bitcoin-cli generatetoaddress 1 <address>

    # Bonus: Docker

    If you have already installed Docker on your machine, you can also use 🍣 Nigiri CLI (opens new window) to spin-up a complete development environment in regtest that includes a bitcoin node, an electrs explorer and the esplora (opens new window) web-app to visualize blocks and transactions in the browser.

    Install 🍣 Nigiri

    $ curl https://getnigiri.vulpem.com | bash

    Start Docker daemon and run Nigiri box

    $ nigiri start
-

    This will start electrum RPC interface on port 51401, the REST interface on 3000 and the esplora UI on 5000 (You can visit with the browser and look for blocks, addresses and transactions)

    You can then add the -n regtest -s 127.0.0.1:51401 to the bdk-cli commands to switch to the local regtest.

    +

    This will start electrum RPC interface on port 51401, the REST interface on 3000 and the esplora UI on 5000 (You can visit with the browser and look for blocks, addresses and transactions)

    You can then add the -n regtest -s 127.0.0.1:51401 to the bdk-cli commands to switch to the local regtest.

    ←

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/2020/12/hello-world/index.html b/blog/2020/12/hello-world/index.html index 839b1dacc9..131653dd07 100644 --- a/blog/2020/12/hello-world/index.html +++ b/blog/2020/12/hello-world/index.html @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ - + @@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ txid = txid );

    # Custom Database and Blockchain types

    We briefly mentioned before that for our example we used the MemoryDatabase, but that it could also be swapped for a different one: this is one example of the modularity of BDK. By default, some database types are already implemented in the library, namely the MemoryDatabase (opens new window) which only keeps data in RAM, the Sled (opens new window) database that can store data on a filesystem, and the SqliteDatabase (opens new window) that can store data into a SQLite database. But since the Database trait is public, users of the library can also implement different database types more suitable for their use-case.

    The same is true for the Blockchain types: the library provides (through the use of opt-in features) implementations for the Electrum, Esplora, CompactFilters (Neutrino) and Bitcoin Core rpc backends. Those again can also be -swapped with custom types if the user desires to do so.

    # Conclusion

    Hopefully, this article will help you get started with BDK! This is just a very quick and gentle introduction to the library, and only barely scratches the surface of what's inside: we will keep publishing more articles in the future to explain some of the more advanced features of BDK, like key generation, using complex descriptors with multiple keys and/or timelocks, using external signers, etc.

    If you'd like to learn more about the library feel free to ask any questions in the comment section down below, or join our Discord Community (opens new window) to chat with us directly!

    Docs

    +swapped with custom types if the user desires to do so.

    # Conclusion

    Hopefully, this article will help you get started with BDK! This is just a very quick and gentle introduction to the library, and only barely scratches the surface of what's inside: we will keep publishing more articles in the future to explain some of the more advanced features of BDK, like key generation, using complex descriptors with multiple keys and/or timelocks, using external signers, etc.

    If you'd like to learn more about the library feel free to ask any questions in the comment section down below, or join our Discord Community (opens new window) to chat with us directly!

    - + diff --git a/blog/2020/12/release-v0.2.0/index.html b/blog/2020/12/release-v0.2.0/index.html index e1cd980e23..d7c890fefa 100644 --- a/blog/2020/12/release-v0.2.0/index.html +++ b/blog/2020/12/release-v0.2.0/index.html @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ - + @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ .map_err(|e| KeyError::Message(e.to_string()))?) } } -

    # Support for sortedmulti()

    Thanks to the addition of sortedmulti() in rust-miniscript, we can now also support them in BDK, which means we are getting more and more compatible with other descriptor-based wallets out there like Bitcoin Core.

    # Contributors

    A huge thanks to everybody who contributed to this new release with suggestions, pull requests and bug reports.

    Since the 0.1.0-beta.1 release over three months ago, we've had 213 new commits made by 10 different contributors for a total of 9990 additions and 2993 deletions. Here's the full diff (opens new window).

    A special thanks to the 7 new contributors:

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/bdk-cli/index.html b/blog/tags/bdk-cli/index.html index 408a62f749..ca3e7f7774 100644 --- a/blog/tags/bdk-cli/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/bdk-cli/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -114,6 +114,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/bdk-rn/index.html b/blog/tags/bdk-rn/index.html index 702cce2f04..edc51fcb25 100644 --- a/blog/tags/bdk-rn/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/bdk-rn/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/bdk/index.html b/blog/tags/bdk/index.html index cce7dd39db..6ccd751523 100644 --- a/blog/tags/bdk/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/bdk/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -180,6 +180,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/bindings/index.html b/blog/tags/bindings/index.html index bfe11153d4..3279380a69 100644 --- a/blog/tags/bindings/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/bindings/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -92,6 +92,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/bitcoin-cli/index.html b/blog/tags/bitcoin-cli/index.html index 434d686383..9a31b10f3a 100644 --- a/blog/tags/bitcoin-cli/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/bitcoin-cli/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/bitcoin/index.html b/blog/tags/bitcoin/index.html index 35dbcb4f53..c5f8da04c1 100644 --- a/blog/tags/bitcoin/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/bitcoin/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -92,6 +92,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/blockchain/index.html b/blog/tags/blockchain/index.html index cac2a72a44..2fdd72cf3a 100644 --- a/blog/tags/blockchain/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/blockchain/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/coin selection/index.html b/blog/tags/coin selection/index.html index fec67347bf..d6ad214540 100644 --- a/blog/tags/coin selection/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/coin selection/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/compact_filters/index.html b/blog/tags/compact_filters/index.html index 6805db253e..d2606dc828 100644 --- a/blog/tags/compact_filters/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/compact_filters/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/descriptor/index.html b/blog/tags/descriptor/index.html index 1520558c9c..dd2c6844f8 100644 --- a/blog/tags/descriptor/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/descriptor/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -114,6 +114,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/development/index.html b/blog/tags/development/index.html index 2b0710453b..0a0a1bd7d9 100644 --- a/blog/tags/development/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/development/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -103,6 +103,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/fee/index.html b/blog/tags/fee/index.html index 6d186cf3b7..5b9146fc5a 100644 --- a/blog/tags/fee/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/fee/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -103,6 +103,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/getting started/index.html b/blog/tags/getting started/index.html index 1c99be976f..00fc0cc201 100644 --- a/blog/tags/getting started/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/getting started/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/guide/index.html b/blog/tags/guide/index.html index 62056d1538..bf57472031 100644 --- a/blog/tags/guide/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/guide/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -125,6 +125,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/iOS/index.html b/blog/tags/iOS/index.html index fcfdbd30d9..03e3b1070f 100644 --- a/blog/tags/iOS/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/iOS/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -92,6 +92,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/index.html b/blog/tags/index.html index c4b065e5e2..e2284d4a71 100644 --- a/blog/tags/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Blog GitHub - (opens new window)

    Tags

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/miniscript/index.html b/blog/tags/miniscript/index.html index 4ee99b31ac..2f93603378 100644 --- a/blog/tags/miniscript/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/miniscript/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -114,6 +114,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/mobile/index.html b/blog/tags/mobile/index.html index c8bdf0b920..7313b3356c 100644 --- a/blog/tags/mobile/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/mobile/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -92,6 +92,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/multi-sig/index.html b/blog/tags/multi-sig/index.html index 4d235c000f..af6252906a 100644 --- a/blog/tags/multi-sig/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/multi-sig/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/novice/index.html b/blog/tags/novice/index.html index 22bfa61241..cf7aff4fe9 100644 --- a/blog/tags/novice/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/novice/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/paper wallets/index.html b/blog/tags/paper wallets/index.html index b9864004cc..de7986b9b1 100644 --- a/blog/tags/paper wallets/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/paper wallets/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/project/index.html b/blog/tags/project/index.html index cbf175b703..fd409f1ee5 100644 --- a/blog/tags/project/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/project/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -92,6 +92,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/release/index.html b/blog/tags/release/index.html index e45d05e3e4..55acbda7a4 100644 --- a/blog/tags/release/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/release/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -158,6 +158,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/rust/index.html b/blog/tags/rust/index.html index 2ea1092c0b..44d41f1c9a 100644 --- a/blog/tags/rust/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/rust/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -169,6 +169,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/security/index.html b/blog/tags/security/index.html index ae7b8d8046..fc8dbed517 100644 --- a/blog/tags/security/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/security/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/summer of bitcoin/index.html b/blog/tags/summer of bitcoin/index.html index 0327ed7057..c82c93d69c 100644 --- a/blog/tags/summer of bitcoin/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/summer of bitcoin/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/taproot/index.html b/blog/tags/taproot/index.html index 26655d4ee9..8d2bf2aebc 100644 --- a/blog/tags/taproot/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/taproot/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -92,6 +92,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/tor/index.html b/blog/tags/tor/index.html index 234748cc5c..78c109e2b4 100644 --- a/blog/tags/tor/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/tor/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/tutorial/index.html b/blog/tags/tutorial/index.html index 3e2710f2bf..ab6818164e 100644 --- a/blog/tags/tutorial/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/tutorial/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -147,6 +147,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/tags/wallet/index.html b/blog/tags/wallet/index.html index 30ae7efde2..671d4d262e 100644 --- a/blog/tags/wallet/index.html +++ b/blog/tags/wallet/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - + @@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/blog/using-bdk-with-hardware-wallets/index.html b/blog/using-bdk-with-hardware-wallets/index.html index 51c3d81aaa..b9f267fc65 100644 --- a/blog/using-bdk-with-hardware-wallets/index.html +++ b/blog/using-bdk-with-hardware-wallets/index.html @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ - + @@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ blockchain.broadcast(&raw_transaction)?; println!("Transaction broadcasted! TXID: {txid}.\nExplorer URL: https://mempool.space/testnet/tx/{txid}", txid = txid); -

    # Conclusion

    We just received coins on a hardware wallet and spent from it - how cool is that?!

    See the hardware signer example (opens new window) for the full code, and, if you have any questions or suggestions, head to our Discord (opens new window). See you there!

    - + diff --git a/examples/index.html b/examples/index.html index 6f8191af70..14ca3ae9a2 100644 --- a/examples/index.html +++ b/examples/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Blog GitHub - (opens new window)

    # Examples

    Click the links below and learn from community-built example projects.

    # BDK-CLI (opens new window)

    A command line interface to experiment with the bitcoindevkit.

    # DevkitWallet (opens new window)

    A demo app for the bitcoindevkit on Android using bdk-kotlin.

    # Padawan Wallet (opens new window)

    A testnet-only bitcoin wallet full of tutorials on how to use bitcoin wallets.

    # BDKSwiftExampleWallet (opens new window)

    An example iOS app using bdk-swift.

    # Tatooine (opens new window)

    Tatooine is a small bitcoin testnet faucet built with Ktor, a Kotlin asynchronous framework for creating microservices and web applications.

    # SEBA Bank Proof of reserves (opens new window)

    The bdk library aims to be the core building block for Bitcoin wallets of any kind. The bdk-reserves library provides an implementation of proof-of-reserves for bdk.

    # Stackmate (opens new window)

    A multi-purpose Bitcoin Wallet.

    # Spotbit (opens new window)

    Spotbit's purpose is to allow users to access price feeds in a customisable way that preserves privacy and mitigate the reliance on a single source of data.

    + (opens new window)

    # Examples

    Click the links below and learn from community-built example projects.

    # BDK-CLI (opens new window)

    A command line interface to experiment with the bitcoindevkit.

    # DevkitWallet (opens new window)

    A demo app for the bitcoindevkit on Android using bdk-kotlin.

    # Padawan Wallet (opens new window)

    A testnet-only bitcoin wallet full of tutorials on how to use bitcoin wallets.

    # BDKSwiftExampleWallet (opens new window)

    An example iOS app using bdk-swift.

    # Tatooine (opens new window)

    Tatooine is a small bitcoin testnet faucet built with Ktor, a Kotlin asynchronous framework for creating microservices and web applications.

    # SEBA Bank Proof of reserves (opens new window)

    The bdk library aims to be the core building block for Bitcoin wallets of any kind. The bdk-reserves library provides an implementation of proof-of-reserves for bdk.

    # Stackmate (opens new window)

    A multi-purpose Bitcoin Wallet.

    # Spotbit (opens new window)

    Spotbit's purpose is to allow users to access price feeds in a customisable way that preserves privacy and mitigate the reliance on a single source of data.

    ←

    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/foundation/about/index.html b/foundation/about/index.html index f64b9b35c0..711e188e27 100644 --- a/foundation/about/index.html +++ b/foundation/about/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -78,6 +78,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/foundation/grantees/index.html b/foundation/grantees/index.html index 1e2e0eed61..6ff64a2605 100644 --- a/foundation/grantees/index.html +++ b/foundation/grantees/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -82,6 +82,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/foundation/grants/index.html b/foundation/grants/index.html index 28d63ff2cb..8ced53e89f 100644 --- a/foundation/grants/index.html +++ b/foundation/grants/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -78,6 +78,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/foundation/index.html b/foundation/index.html index 6be850ed9f..83d8ed56c0 100644 --- a/foundation/index.html +++ b/foundation/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -74,6 +74,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/foundation/supporters/index.html b/foundation/supporters/index.html index 040978bf95..e0a4bd393d 100644 --- a/foundation/supporters/index.html +++ b/foundation/supporters/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -53,7 +53,8 @@ Blog GitHub - (opens new window)

    # Supporters

    The Bitcoin Dev Kit project is proudly supported by a number of organizations.

    # 2024

    Sponsor Spiral + (opens new window)

    # Supporters

    The Bitcoin Dev Kit project is proudly supported by a number of organizations. If you'd like to becoming a supporter +please reach out at: hello@bitcoindevkit.org

    # 2024

    Sponsor Spiral Spiral OpenSats OpenSats @@ -112,6 +113,6 @@

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/getting-started/index.html b/getting-started/index.html index 3a931b393a..4f12655839 100644 --- a/getting-started/index.html +++ b/getting-started/index.html @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ - + @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ wallet.get_descriptor_for_keychain(KeychainKind::External).to_string(), wallet.get_descriptor_for_keychain(KeychainKind::Internal).to_string()); } -

    More information about each component used in the code can be found in BDK Documentation (opens new window).

    +

    More information about each component used in the code can be found in BDK Documentation (opens new window).

    Introduction → @@ -130,6 +130,6 @@

    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index a46012f023..a41cd1bbe8 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ - + @@ -80,6 +80,6 @@
    BDK Foundation

    Copyright © 2024 BDK Developers

    - + diff --git a/sitemap.xml b/sitemap.xml index b70b2dbf24..ad6fa154cd 100644 --- a/sitemap.xml +++ b/sitemap.xml @@ -1 +1 @@ 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